Nomadic life You need to write the headings vertically next to each section of notes. There will be a line for each “note” to write down 1. Why migrate 2. Impact on life Nomadic Life

1. why live a migrant life? not enough rain in the steppe following the pastureland (food for animals)

2. impact Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Shelter (yurts aka tents) Small-scale farming Millet, veggies rudimentary artisanry Pottery, leather Gender “equality”

Nomads in Turkmenistan

Nomadic Economy 1. Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples 2. Nomads engage in long-distance travel along caravan routes

Nomadic Social order 1. Governance basically clan-based 2. classes: nobility and commoners 3. Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority 4. Unusually fluid status for nobility Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

Nomadic religion 1. Shamans center of paganism 2. Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE- trade

Nomadic Religion 3. Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings 4. Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence

Military Organization 1. Large confederations under a khan th C begin expansion/empire building 3. Exceptionally strong cavalries Mobility Speed Archery skills

Saljuq Turks th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire (Service in Abbasid armies) 2. Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs (bullied) Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan 4. Tughril took Baghdad (started the trend to expand) 5. Abbasid caliphs served as “figure heads” of authority

Saljuq Turks Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive 7. Large-scale invasion of Anatolia 8.Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453

Ghaznavid Turks 1. Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India 2. 11thC for plunder, 13thC to rule 3. Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus- spread of Islam Defensive Hindus in the south stopped expansion 4. Ghazis were known for ability to fight (warriors)

Synthesize: In the spaces provided, create an evolution chart for the Turks Use drawings to show the evolution from nomadic to imperial Include a caption

Mongolian Steppes

Mongol Warriors

Mongol Archer

Mongol Nobleman, Late 13 c.

Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, Early 14 c

Chinggis Khan ( ) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler”

Genghis Khan Originally named Temujin, the name Genghis Khan was taken by himself, meaning universal ruler. The Reflex Bow, the primary Mongol weapon.

Mongol Political Organization Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

Mongol Arms Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Army c ,000 Strengths: Cavalry Short bows Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

The Mongols  Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Large-scale, long-term devastation

The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE

Khubilai Khan (r ) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

Marco Polo  A Venetian merchant  Traveled through Yuan China:  Sent on many diplomatic missions throughout Kublai’s empire.  Served as governor in China for 3 years  Wrote many novels documenting his travels

Yuan Dynasty Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them No Chinese in top govt. posts Believed foreigners were more trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China.

Marco Polo’s Travels

Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 c

Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

The Golden Horde While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were tolerant rulers. Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Russian rulers. Mongol rule isolated Russia from advancements in art & science of the Renaissance.

The Golden Horde The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern European territories between 1237 and Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this region for 240 years. Conquest of Russia, Established tributary relationship to 15 th century Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, ,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

Mongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Intermarriage forbidden Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms

The Mongols and Buddhism Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols Large element of magic, similar to shamanism Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

The Mongols and Western Integration Experience with long-distance trade Protection of traveling merchants Volume of trade across central Asia increases Diplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policies

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

Surviving Mongol Khanates Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century Continued threat to Russia

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c ) Turkish conqueror Timur Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai His descendants later established the Mughal Empire in India. Major military campaigns Built capital in Samarkand

Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE (Timurid Dynasty)

Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires: Mughal Safavid Ottoman

The Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Ottomans were a nomadic Turkish speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor in the 14 th c. At the height of its power it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.

The Ottoman Empire Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)

Osman I (Othman):

Ottoman Conquests 1350s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasion Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire

Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE

Mehmet II: ; (“The Conqueror”)

The Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul