Chapter 1 – Organization of the body

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy  the study of the form, or structure, of body parts and of how these parts relate to one another. Anatomy  the study of the form, or structure, of body parts and of how these parts relate to one another. Physiology  the functioning of the body’s structural machinery; how the parts of the body work and carry out their life sustaining energy. Physiology  the functioning of the body’s structural machinery; how the parts of the body work and carry out their life sustaining energy. i.e. the way the heart pumps blood and it’s effect on the body i.e. the way the heart pumps blood and it’s effect on the body

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy comes from the Greek words “to cut apart” Anatomy comes from the Greek words “to cut apart” Anatomy is broken down in to subdivisions Anatomy is broken down in to subdivisions

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Gross anatomy is the study of large body structures Gross anatomy is the study of large body structures i.e. heart, lungs, and kidneys i.e. heart, lungs, and kidneys can be seen without and examined w/o use of magnifying instruments can be seen without and examined w/o use of magnifying instruments what we do when we dissect preserved animals or organs what we do when we dissect preserved animals or organs

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Regional Anatomy is the study of all the various structures in one particular region Regional Anatomy is the study of all the various structures in one particular region The abdominal area The abdominal area Muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels Muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels Systemic anatomy is when you examine the body system by system Systemic anatomy is when you examine the body system by system Cardiovascular system Cardiovascular system Heart Heart Blood vessels Blood vessels Lungs Lungs

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Microscopic anatomy is the study of all the structures too small to be seen w/o a microscope aid Microscopic anatomy is the study of all the structures too small to be seen w/o a microscope aid Take samples and place them on a slide to study them Take samples and place them on a slide to study them 2 sub-divisions 2 sub-divisions Cellular Anatomy – cells of the body Cellular Anatomy – cells of the body a.k.a - Cytology a.k.a - Cytology Histology – the study of tissues Histology – the study of tissues

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Developmental Anatomy is the study of structural changes in an individual from conception through old age Developmental Anatomy is the study of structural changes in an individual from conception through old age Embryology is the developmental changes only before birth Embryology is the developmental changes only before birth Pathological Anatomy is the study of structural changes in body cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease Pathological Anatomy is the study of structural changes in body cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease Studied on gross and microscopic level Studied on gross and microscopic level

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Molecular Biology – the structure of molecules necessary for body structure and function Molecular Biology – the structure of molecules necessary for body structure and function Radiographical Anatomy is the study of anatomy by x-rays Radiographical Anatomy is the study of anatomy by x-rays We are able to evaluate patients for bone disorders, tumors and other conditions We are able to evaluate patients for bone disorders, tumors and other conditions

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology There are three things that are needed to study anatomy There are three things that are needed to study anatomy Observation Observation Manipulation Manipulation Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Terminology

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Physiology is also broken down in to subdivisions Physiology is also broken down in to subdivisions Renal Physiology deals with urine production and kidney function Renal Physiology deals with urine production and kidney function Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system Cardiac physiology deals with operation of the heart Cardiac physiology deals with operation of the heart

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology Physiology usually focuses on the cellular or molecular level Physiology usually focuses on the cellular or molecular level depends on the operation of the individual cells which depends on the chemical reaction depends on the operation of the individual cells which depends on the chemical reaction Also uses principles of physics Also uses principles of physics i.e. electric currents, blood pressure i.e. electric currents, blood pressure

An overview of Anatomy and Physiology The principle of complimentary of structure and function The principle of complimentary of structure and function what a structure is capable of doing depends critically on the its specific architecture what a structure is capable of doing depends critically on the its specific architecture i.e. blood flows in one direction because the heart has valves i.e. blood flows in one direction because the heart has valves

Hierarchy of structure Simplest level of the structure is the chemical level Simplest level of the structure is the chemical level Atom – the building block of matter Atom – the building block of matter Combine to form molecules Combine to form molecules Molecules form cells Molecules form cells Become specific Become specific

Hierarchy of structure Cell Level Cell Level all cells can utilize nutrients and maintain their boundaries all cells can utilize nutrients and maintain their boundaries but certain types form more specialized features but certain types form more specialized features Examples? Examples? Secrete mucus, conduct nerve impulses Secrete mucus, conduct nerve impulses

Hierarchy of structure Tissues become the next level of hierarchy Tissues become the next level of hierarchy Composed of groups of cells Composed of groups of cells 4 basic types of tissues 4 basic types of tissues epithelium epithelium muscle muscle connective tissues connective tissues nervous tissue nervous tissue

Hierarchy of structure The organ level The organ level A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types i.e. stomach i.e. stomach lining is an epithelium, which produces digestive juices, the bulk is composed of muscle, connective tissues reinforce structure, and nerve fibers provide stimulation for digestion lining is an epithelium, which produces digestive juices, the bulk is composed of muscle, connective tissues reinforce structure, and nerve fibers provide stimulation for digestion

Hierarchy of structure The organ system The organ system Organ that cooperate and work closely together with one another Organ that cooperate and work closely together with one another Respiratory system Respiratory system Lungs, bronchi, trachea etc Lungs, bronchi, trachea etc The Organismal level The Organismal level Highest level of Organization Highest level of Organization Represents the sum total of all the levels of complexity working together to promote life Represents the sum total of all the levels of complexity working together to promote life