First Five Explain the difference between each of the following pairs individual, population cell membrane, cell wall osmosis, diffusion enzyme, substrate respiration, photosynthesis

Plant Reproduction

Review [Write your answer on the worksheet.] What are the advantages of asexual reproduction? What are the advantages to sexual reproduction?

Plant Reproduction

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants Many flowers have both male and female reproductive parts

Structure of a Flower 1. Pistil/Carpel 2. Stigma 3. Style 4. Ovary 5. Stamen 6. Filament 7. Anther 8. Petal 9. Sepal 10. Receptacle 11. Stem Female Reproductive Structures Male Reproductive Structures

Male Reproductive Structure  The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament  The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen  The filament is a stalk that supports the anther

Pollen Grain Anther Sac

Female Reproductive Structure  The pistil (or carpel) consists of the stigma, style and ovary  Meiosis occurs in the ovary to produce haploid ovules  The sticky stigma receives the pollen (male gamete structure) from the anther  The pollen grows a tube down through the style

Fertilization  After pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to ovary  The pollen tube passes through the micropyle (opening) into the ovule

Fertilization Male gametes travel along the pollen tube and into the ovule The male gamete fuses with the female gamete – fertilization has taken place

Seed and Fruit Development { After fertilization, the petals and sepals fall off flower { Ovary “ripens” into a fruit { The ovule develops into a seed

Other Reproductive Structures Petals: colorful structures that attract pollinators. Sepals: surround and protect the flower bud.

Reflect [Write your answer on the worksheet.] In which part of a flower are male gametes made? In which part of a flower are female gametes made?

Pollination  Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther (male structures) of one flower to the stigma (female structures) of another  Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism

Pollination Vectors Wind Pollination: Dull, scentless flowers with reduced petals Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright color, nectars, scent. They sip nectar, get pollen on coats, transfer pollen from flower to flower Bird Pollination: Nectars bright colors, tube-like flowers Moth Pollination: White petals, open at night Fly Pollination:Rank odor, flesh colored petals

Reflect [Write your answer on the worksheet.] After pollination, how does the male gamete reach the ovule?

Seed Dispersal Mechanisms- Allow plants to colonize new areas and avoid shade of parent plant Wind Dispersal - Flight mechanisms, like parachutes, wings, etc. Ex. Dandelion, maples, birch Animal Dispersal - Fleshy fruits which animals eat, drop undigested seeds in feces or burrs which stick to animals’ coats

Gravity Dispersal - Heavy nuts fall to ground and roll ex. acorns Water Dispersal - Plants near water create floating fruits ex. coconuts

Cambridge Practice Questions Complete the Cambridge Practice Questions at the end of the handout.