MATTER Mr. Atom

Results Answer your own questions Use this information to answer the key question Use the key words in a crossword – meanings as cues. Put all of this research into a booklet for Year six students to read

What is the relationship between solids, liquids and gases? What do I need to know to answer this key question? Where can I find this information? What other information would be relevant when answering the key question?

What do you already know about Matter? What do you need to know? QUESTIONS What do you already know about Matter? What do you need to know? The following slides, the caves, the Matter video and library will help you find the information. Write your own research questions.

Gathering Information The following slides will help you gather information to answer the big question. Use the list of key words to help you. Write down what you find out about these words next to the words. Go to the caves- Room 10 under murphy- password 8716093. and gather relevant information

KEY WORDS matter state condensation substance melting freezing material boiling solidify chemical atom sublimation particles diffusion vapour solids mixing energy liquids three mixtures gases evaporation dissolved changes steam temperatures

Introduction The world is made up of all kinds of ‘stuff’. Some occur naturally, some have been made by a combination of materials. Scientists use the words substance, matter, material and chemical instead of the word ‘stuff’. ‘Stuff’ is made up of very tiny particles. The smallest particle that can exist and still be ‘stuff’ is called an atom.

Solids, Liquids and Gases All substances are made of matter. Matter is classified into three states: solid, liquid and gas. The differences between the states depend on: How tightly the particles are packed together How much the particles are moving around

MATTER Liquid water, Oil petrol Gas oxygen Methane helium Solid wood Examples: water, Oil petrol Gas Examples: oxygen Methane helium Solid Examples: wood metal plastic

The particles are the same size in all three states The particles are the same size in all three states. Differences are due to the spaces between the particles.

Characteristics of the three states of Matter. SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES fixed shape fixed volume cannot be compressed Particles are held together strongly & don’t move. ( just vibrate slightly) no fixed shape- fill their container from bottom up can be compressed only slightly particles are held together very weakly and move around no fixed shape or volume – spread out to fill all the available space Particles are not held together or attracted to each other easily compressed particles are far apart and moving rapidly

WATER IN THREE DIFFERENT STATES Drinks served in a restaurant involve all three states of matter Lemonade is mostly water Steam from hot coffee Ice in Lemonade

When something changes state, heat is always added or removed CHANGES OF STATE When something changes state, heat is always added or removed Water can be a solid (ice) a liquid (water) or a gas (water vapour)

CHANGES OF STATE ice water Heat added Heat added MELTING EVAPORATION WATER VAPOUR water ice Heat added MELTING Heat added EVAPORATION GAS LIQUID SOLID CONDENSING Heat removed

Heating causes evaporation and boiling of liquids to form gases EVAPORATION occurs when a liquid changes to a gas. Water evaporates to form a water vapour, a gas. The particles in water are constantly moving around. Some of those moving towards the water surface have enough energy to escape

Evaporation of water occurs slowly at low temperatures but is much faster at higher temperatures When water is heated the first bubbles seen are dissolved gases escaping. At higher temperatures water particles have more energy and move faster, (cont.) Heating causes evaporation and boiling of liquids to form gases

Changes of state continued At higher temperatures more water particles have enough energy to escape from the surface of the water – evaporation occurs more quickly. As heating continues, bubbles of water vapour form in the water and quickly rise to the surface Water is said to be boiling when it bubbles rapidly. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees C. The water vapour is now steam.

CONDENSATION If steam from a saucepan of boiling water or water vapour from a hot shower cools it turns back into water, the liquid state. THIS IS CALLED CONDENSATION

Changes of state continued Ice usually melts at 0 degrees C, this is called its melting point. If water is called enough it will freeze ( sometimes called solidify). The freezing point of water is the same as the melting point, o degrees C.

SUBLIMATION A few solids do not melt to become liquids when heated but instead turn directly into a gas. With cooling, the gas turns into a solid’ THIS IS CALLED SUBLIMATION

SUBLIMATION Iodine crystals sublime. When the purple iodine gas touches a cool surface, a solid, not a liquid, forms. Another substance that sublimes is carbon dioxide. At temperatures below -78 degrees C it turns into a white solid called ‘dry ice’. Heated to above -78 degrees C it turns into a colourless gas.

DRY ICE Dry ice is used to produce ‘smoke’ for special effects. The smoke is actually tiny droplets of water vapour which condense from the air as the dry ice sublimes.

MELTING AND BOILING POINTS No two substances have the same melting and boiling points. Melting points can be used to identify substances. Melting and boiling points can also be used to tell whether a substance is pure or impure Impure substances usually melt over a range of several degrees below the melting point of the impure substance. Pure water freezes at 0 degrees C. Sea water freezes at -2 degrees C and boils at 102 degrees C.

Pure Substances and Mixtures A pure substance has just one type of chemical in it. A mixture has two or more different chemicals in it. SOLUTIONS ARE MIXTURES

Solutions are Mixtures

WHITE HAT The white hat While wearing the white hat, think about the facts, figures and information that you have gathered about matter. What have you found out about Matter?

The Red Hat The red hat is for feelings and emotions. How have you felt about this research about Matter? What are your feelings about this study?

YELLOW HAT The yellow hat The yellow hat is for optimism and positive views of things. What positive aspects of Matter have you identified?

THE GREEN HAT The green hat The green hat is for creative thinking, new ideas and additional alternatives. Putting on the green hat makes time and space for creative effort. What new ideas and creative aspects of life have you found in your study of Matter?

THE BLACK HAT When you wear the black hat you are thinking about negative issues or problems. What problems or issues about matter have you had difficulty coming to terms with?

THE BLUE HAT The blue hat asks you to draw all this thinking together, summarise what you have found, and draw conclusions about Matter. Do you think there might more discoveries about matter in the year 2010? What issues might arise from these discoveries for young people in the future? How might science change and grow?

Results Answer your own questions Use this information to answer the key question Use the key words in a crossword – meanings as cues. Put all of this research into a booklet for Year six students to read