States of Matter EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

States of Matter It’s a chilly January morning. Despite calls for an afternoon snowstorm, you are sent to school. Around 10:30, the first snowflakes fall, immediately melting into a liquid on the warm roads. By noon, however, the liquid water on the roads has changed its state of matter. It is now solid. Solid ice.

States of Matter What happened? What caused the liquid water to become solid water? Did the solid water remain that way forever, or did it change back to a liquid at some point? Are there any other states that matter can take? How do we change matter from one state to another?

States of Matter Our everyday world is full of substances that can be classified as solids, liquids, gases and the less familiar, plasma. Solids, liquids and gases may be elements, compounds or mixtures Gold is an element (Au) Water is a compound (H2O) Air is a mixture (N+O2+ other gases)

States of Matter Although it is easy to list examples of the three most common states of matter, defining them is more difficult. To define each state, you need to examine their properties. The familiar states of matter are defined not by what they are made of, but mainly by whether or not they hold their volume and shape

Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume. Unless excessive force is used a solid will retain its shape if placed in a container. Unless a physical change, such as cutting, is used, a solid will retain its volume. Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies.

Solids The particles in a solid are packed very closely together. A particle is a minute piece of matter, such as an atom or molecule In addition, each particle is tightly fixed in one position. Fixed does not mean motionless. It means that the particles vibrate in one spot. This fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume..

Solids There are two types of solids: Crystalline Amorphous The particles form a regular, repeating pattern, creating crystals Salt, sugar, snow. When crystalline solids are heated, they melt at a specific temperature The particles are arranged in a regular, non-repeating pattern. Plastics, rubber, glass When amorphous solids are heated, they do not melt at a specific temperature, but instead they become softer or change into other substances

Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own. A liquid takes the shape of its container. Like a solid, liquids have a definite volume that does not change appreciably when placed into a container. 1 cup of milk is 1 cup of milk no matter if it is in a shallow dish or a tall glass.

Liquids In general, the particles in a liquid are packed almost as closely as in a solid. The difference is that the particles are able to move freely. These freely moving particles allow a liquid to flow from place to place Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does has a definite volume.

Liquids Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension Viscosity An inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together (meniscus) Causes the surface of water to act like skin Water droplets, bugs “walking” on water A liquid’s resistance to flowing It depends on the size and shape of the liquid’s particles and the attractions between the particles. Low viscosity = easy to flow Ex: water High viscosity = slow flow Ex: honey, syrup

Gases A gas can change its shape and volume very easily. A gas has no definite shape or volume The particles freely move in all directions If you put a gas in a closed container, the particles will spread apart or be squeezed together as they fill the container. If the container is opened, the particles, no longer limited by the space in the container, will move out and fill all space available. Add Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws

Plasma The most common state of matter in the universe. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/285415695108540059/?od= VShw9ujAfMG5tgYIxjyKcTT34UUGE%2Bt9Hlww8MJAVETL CUb7GiO3xcWmcbtbLRQipkxOvzjH5Np9%0ABLV2hQ1ETVf z8c9AuE6LHYSR50ZXn4RK6ddXXmE27M4p3fUSGFe9rdKt 6bCj4sDBAPfj9W9MtEUL%0Apkaz4wqF6BZ%2FR4kSn8035 oD6oCxBQnaQyau4DtLOGx%2FLme6d42SGJU48YGSMAQ %3D%3D%0A&user_id=bm9lbGxlLmJlbGFza2lAZG91Z2xhc y5rMTIuZ2EudXM%3D%0A&conversation=47381632453265 37962&invite_code=7dae3c0d50ea853e931c046f6726d11c&u tm_campaign=msgpin&e_t=db7c03fa1f8a4dffa37ad65b9b42 7aee&utm_content=285415695108540059&utm_source=31& e_t_s=cta&utm_medium=200 A gas that is super-heated to the point where the electrons have been stripped from the atoms that make up the gas. Ex: the Sun, other stars, fluorescent light bulbs, in neon signs, fire,and in some television screens

Draw on the back of your organizer:

States of Matter Activities EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

Two different activities Choice 1: Left-Brained Choice 2: Right-Brained Identifying the arrangement and movement of particles Individuals in this group will place the characteristics of the three phases of matter correctly on a worksheet. The individuals will then break into pairs and repeat the process on a poster, The pairs will then share the information with the class Groups of 4-6 must arrange themselves together as particles in a solid, liquid and gas. Once you have figured out all three arrangements, you must act out or react to given situations. You will then need to explain to the rest of the class why you did what you did and make sure everyone understands what is happening

Changes in Matter EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

Changes of State Picture an ice cream cone on a hot summer day. You are busy yakkity-yak-yak- yakking and do not eat your treat at a quick pace. And the ice cream starts to melt down the side of the cone, on to your hand and up your arm. You become a sticky mess as your once-solid ice cream becomes a liquid. You know that ice cream will not stay solid unless it is kept cold. But why is this so?

Changes of State Particles of a substance at a warmer temperature have more thermal (heat) energy than particles of the same substance at a cooler energy. Thermal energy always travels from a warmer substance to a cooler substance. So, when you eat ice cream outside on a hot summer day, the ice cream is absorbing the thermal energy from the air and your hand. This changes the solid ice cream into a liquid.

Changes of State Matter can move from one state to another, but can still be the same substance. A change of state, also called a phase change, is a physical change from one state of matter to another, for example, from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.

Changing States A substance will change from one state or phase to another at specific combinations of thermal energy and surrounding pressure. Typically, the pressure is atmospheric pressure, so thermal energy is the determining factor to the change in state in those cases. A substance’s state of matter can be changed from one form to another by adding thermal energy (heating it up) or decreasing the thermal energy (cooling it down)

Changing States For example, particles of a liquid have more thermal energy than particles of the same substance in a solid form Higher thermal energy = more particle movement Melting ice cube: More thermal energy More particle movement

Changing States If the thermal energy is decreased, the particles in the liquid substance will slow down. If the thermal energy is decreased substantially, the liquid will freeze into a solid. Water freezing: Less thermal energy Less particle movement

Changes of State State changes are described using the following terms: Melting Freezing Vaporization --- evaporation and boiling Condensation Sublimation

Melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid. Thermal energy is increased In most pure substances, melting occurs at a specific temperature. This is called the melting point. When melting a solid substance, thermal energy is added, and the particles making up the substance start vibrating (moving) so fast that they break free of their fixed positions, and the substance melts into a liquid https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=CDTZoFGmZoc

Freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing. It is the reverse of melting. Thermal energy is decreased It does not necessarily have to be cold to freeze a liquid. At a substance’s freezing temperature, the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly that they begin to form regular patterns. https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=PcoiLAsUvqc

Vaporization The change from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization. Thermal energy is increased. Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough thermal energy to form a gas. Very fast particle movement There are two main types of vaporization: Evaporation and boiling

Vaporization Evaporation Boiling Evaporation is vaporization that takes place only on the surface of a liquid. Ex: Water in a puddle gains thermal energy from the ground, air and sun. The increased energy enables some of the water molecules on the surface of the puddle to escape into the air or evaporate and the puddle slowly shrinks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuF0Xg4MlJI Boiling occurs when a liquid becomes a gas below its surface as well as at its surface. Thermal energy is increased. The boiling point of a pure substance is at a specific temperature. This is called the boiling point

Condensation Condensation is the opposite of vaporization. Condensation occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy that they slow down and form a liquid Thermal energy is decreased Ex: Clouds form when water vapor (gas) in the atmosphere lose thermal energy and condense into liquid droplets. When the droplets get heavy enough, they fall as rain

Sublimation Sublimation happens when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they skip the liquid phases and become a gas. Thermal energy is increased. Ex: Dry ice is the common name for solid carbon dioxide. At normal atmospheric pressures, CO2 cannot exist as a liquid So instead of melting into a liquid, the addition of thermal energy changes the solid dry ice into a gas. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=HbXNQfHnI3w

Boyle’s Law When the pressure of a gas is increased, its volume decreases. When the pressure of a gas is decreased, its volume increases. https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=eR49g3ubTBg

Charles’s Law When the temperature of a gas is increased, its volume increases More thermal energy = more volume When the temperature of a gas is decreased, its volume decreases Decreased thermal energy = decreased volume https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=NplVuTrr59U