The Early Modern Period

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Presentation transcript:

The Early Modern Period “Early Modern”? (ca. 1500-1800) Followed Middle Ages Traits in Europe Movement toward secular state Divided Western Christianity Growing emphasis on science World becoming more global, more dominated by Europe

The Renaissance

The Renaissance When you hear “The Renaissance”… What do you think of? What do you understand it to be? Does it pop up in culture at all?

Origins and Humanism The Renaissance “Rebirth” of culture and heritage of Greco-Roman antiquity Italian Origins Wealth Remnants and ruins of ancient world Flourished throughout peninsula

Origins and Humanism Humanism Emphasized study of form and content of classical learning Goal: recapture culture of ancient world  improvement of individuals and society Interests of Humanists Liberal arts Latin and Greek Classical documents “Ad fontes!”

Origins and Humanism Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Renowned humanist Hated Middle Ages! Encouraged revival of classical studies Wrote in classical Latin Africa Searched for ancient manuscripts

Origins and Humanism Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) Major humanist, linguist On the False Donation of Constantine (1444) Response to Donation of Constantine Valla’s Observations Latin here not used until after Constantine Exposed Donation as early medieval fraud

Origins and Humanism “Civic Humanism” Some humanists became involved in public affairs Literary talents  promote city Focused on morality and ethics as applied in civic sphere Goal: inspire “virtuous men” to take leading roles in communities Follow examples of antiquity and Christianity

Origins and Humanism Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) Florentine chancellor Met important international leaders  “experience” The Prince (1513) Manual for despots on gaining and holding power Prince might have to be immoral Lion and the fox “Virtue” in politics is ambiguous! “Political realism”

Origins and Humanism Questions?

Italian Art and Architecture Medieval Traditions Mostly spiritual iconography Paintings influenced by Byzantine style Stiff, solemn figures Shallow, flat space Golden skies! Gothic architecture Madonna and Child (early 13th cent.)

Italian Art and Architecture Renaissance Art Artists’ goals Imitate nature Revive classical idealism Capture sense of “individual” Iconography can now be “secular”  portraiture rediscovered GIOTTO (ca. 1266-1337) Traits of his work: naturalism, individuality, corporeality, emotion Greatest paintings in Arena Chapel, Padua (1304-06)

Italian Art and Architecture

Italian Art and Architecture The Lamentation, Arena Chapel

Italian Art and Architecture Linear Perspective Goal: create illusion of 3D Observations of Artists Parallel lines “converge” as they recede into the distance Objects’ sizes vary depending on distance from viewer

Italian Art and Architecture Masaccio, Holy Trinity (1427)

Italian Art and Architecture Donatello (1386-1466) Studied classical statues in Rome David (1428-1432) Bronze First freestanding, life-sized nude since antiquity Renaissance Traits Classical nude male Movement Calm, ideal beauty

Italian Art and Architecture Marcus Aurelius (ca. 175) Donatello, Il Gattamelata (1453) Padua, Italy

Italian Art and Architecture Leonardo (1452-1519) Student of nature Quintessential “Renaissance Man” Artist Art theorist Architect Musician Scientist Engineer So many projects  few ever got done! Self-portrait (ca. 1512)

Italian Art and Architecture The Last Supper (ca. 1495-98) Mural Subject: announcement of coming betrayal of Christ, Last Supper Renaissance traits Perspective Individuality

Italian Art and Architecture The Mona Lisa (1503-05) Portrait of Florentine merchant’s wife Donna Lisa Individualized, yet idealized! Ambiguous smile!

Italian Art and Architecture

Italian Art and Architecture Embryo in the Womb (ca. 1510) The Virtruvian Man (1490)

Italian Art and Architecture Michelangelo (1475-1564) Trained in Florence “Renaissance Man” Sculptor Painter Architect Poet Engineer Studied classical models

Italian Art and Architecture The Pietà (ca. 1500) Subject: Virgin Mary cradling dead Christ after crucifixion Renaissance traits Appreciation for human body Drapery of clothing Virgin Mary is idealized, youthful

Italian Art and Architecture David (1501-04) Huge! Important traits Pent-up energy Visage is tense, psychological insight Demonstrates knowledge of human body

Italian Art and Architecture Vaulted Ceiling, Sistine Chapel (1508-12)

Italian Art and Architecture The Creation of Adam (1508-12)

Italian Art and Architecture Detail: Christ as Judge, the Virgin The Last Judgment (1534-41)

Italian Art and Architecture Raphael, The School of Athens (1510-11)

Italian Art and Architecture Guess who?

Italian Art and Architecture Renaissance Architecture Architects also fond of classical forms A famous project Alberti’s S. Andrea, Mantua (ca. 1470) Temple front Triumphal arch Façade, S. Andrea

Italian Art and Architecture

Italian Art and Architecture Dome, Florence Cathedral (1420-1436) Construction of cathedral began ca. 1296 (Gothic) Building was incomplete Engineering problems  no dome Brunelleschi (1377-1446) commissioned Studied classical monuments and architecture of Rome Resolved engineering problems  created most celebrated dome since antiquity Dome, S. Maria del Fiore, Florence

Italian Art and Architecture

Italian Art and Architecture Questions?

The Northern Renaissance The Renaissance Traveled North Renaissance spread more slowly to countries north of the Alps Northern achievements The printing press Humanism Art English language

The Northern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance The Printing Press Moveable lead type developed ca. 1450 Attributed to Johann Gutenberg Can now print many copies of a book Huge impact on Europe Ideas spread rapidly Increased literacy Books now cheaper

The Northern Renaissance Northern Humanism Classics “Christian Humanism” Religious reform

The Northern Renaissance Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) Dutch International celebrity “Prince of Humanists” Projects Praise of Folly (1511) Critical edition of Greek New Testament (1516)

The Northern Renaissance Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) English lawyer, lord chancellor Very spiritual English Humanist Wrote history UTOPIA (1516) First part: criticism of political-social abuses Second part: description of social arrangements at ideal island of Utopia

The Northern Renaissance Northern Art Interest in oil painting Vibrant color Minute detail Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441) Flemish The Arnolfini Portrait (1434) Portrait of Italian banker and his betrothed Detail and depth Spiritual symbolism

The Northern Renaissance The English Language Major changes throughout its history WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (d. 1616) Playwright, London Greatest English writer Many plays set in Roman and English past

The Northern Renaissance 1990 1996

The Northern Renaissance Questions?