By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Christófo Colón [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortes The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas AtahualpaAtahualpa vs.vs.

Docs. 1- 4

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

DISEASES Old World diseases overwhelmed Natives (Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza…) SYPHILIS transferred from old world to new world

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Sacrifice of the First-Born by Theodore de Bry

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

MercantilismMercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1.Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2.Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3.Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

SILVER! Peru and Mexico – POTOSI (Biolivia) Needs a large labor force for extraction ENCOMIENDA = native forced labor INCA had mit’a….Spanish had MITA - 1/7 of adult males worked for 6 months a year in mines, farms, textile factories

SUGAR! Brazil (Portuguese) Caribbean area Also needed slave labor

Father Bartolomeéde Las Casas New Laws --> 1542 DEFENDER of Native Americans Wrote and spoke out against injustices Tried to outlaw enslavement and enact new laws

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship

The Colonial Class System PeninsularesPeninsulares CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizosMulattosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

European Empires in the Americas

NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES SOUTH – cotton, tobacco MIDDLE – Pennsylvania (Quakers) – breadbasket colonies, farming NEW ENGLAND – early colonies, industry, ship-building, fishing - PURITANS

INDENTURED SERVANTS First – 80% indentured servants (unable to pay, they would work their debt off)… BUT: eventually higher profits with slaves then the short contracts with IS

New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in Surat in NW India in Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

Vocabulary to Know Columbian Exchange Bartolomé de Las Casas Potosí Encomienda Hacienda Creole Mestizos Mulattos Pilgrims Puritans Tupac Amaru II