Energy and matter transformations in cells

Warm-up Energy: What is the source of energy for all ecosystems? What type of molecule is made by this energy?

What powers a cell? Cells require energy to do work. This energy is stored in molecules called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a little battery. ATP is used to by all cells to do work

Our guiding question The energy source for nearly all ecosystems is the sun The energy source for nearly all cellular processes is ATP How is energy from the sun transformed and stored in molecules of ATP to be used for cellular work? Sun ATP PPP

Our guiding question We will learn the processes that convert solar energy into other forms of energy and eventually to ATP.

Some review of energy terms/concepts Potential energy and Kinetic energy Energy cant be created or destroyed but can be converted to other forms. Forms of energy: –Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational, Heat, Electrical, Sound, Light, Chemical What are some examples of conversions between these different forms?

Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water How can you explain this? How did you charge the battery? Where does that electrical energy come from? How is water used to generate the electrical energy? Apply the terms about energy correctly when explaining the answer.

Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water Dam Reservoir Generators River Cell phone charger

Energy transformations from water in a reservoir to a cell phone Reservoir River MECHANICAL ENERGY to turn generators ELECTRICAL ENERGY through wires ELECTRO- CHEMICAL ENERGY stored in battery Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones MORE stored energy LESS stored energy

How does the reservoir get “recharged”? The energy stored in the water behind the reservoir dam would run out if the water were not returned to the reservoir How does water move from the river back into the reservoir? What is the source of energy for this process?

How does the reservoir get “recharged”? Cell phone charger Dam Evaporation Precipitation Reservoir Generators River

Energy and matter conversions that power a cell phone We’ll discuss energy and matter concepts in this context and then apply them to biology.

MORE stored energy Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam Reservoir

LESS stored energy Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam River

Water above dam Water below dam MORE stored energy LESS stored energy Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam River Reservoir

MECHANICAL KINETIC ENERGY to turn generators OUTPUT ENERGY MORE stored energy LESS stored energy Reservoir River HEAT ENERGY from the sun INPUT ENERGY Evaporation & precipitation Water cycles between different forms as energy is converted

Matter cycles as energy is transformed Reservoir River MECHANICAL KINETIC ENERGY to turn generators ELECTRICAL KINETIC ENERGY through wires ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY stored in battery Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones MORE stored energy LESS stored energy HEAT ENERGY from the sun

HEAT ENERGY from the sun Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones Heat energy from the sun is transformed into energy for powering a cell phone

Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed The water does not disappear when it absorbs heat energy and evaporates, it simply changes form from liquid to gas Heat energy does not “turn into” water, it simply allows water to change positions from the river to above the dam Matter cycles between different forms

How does energy for cell phones relate to energy for living cells? The principles governing matter and energy transformations for cell phones… HEAT ENERGY LIGHT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK …are the same for energy and matter transformations in living cells… …and are the same for ALL systems!

ATP and energy used by cells Cells use energy stored in the form of a molecule called ATP All other sources of energy must be converted and stored in molecules of ATP to be used by cells Consider the cell phone as an analogy: Cell phones only use electrical energy stored in the battery All other sources of energy must be converted and stored in the battery to be used by the phone

What is ATP? ADENOSINE “A” PHOSPHATE “P”

P ADENOSINE “A” PHOSPHATE “P”

P Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate”

P PP Adenosine (A) 2 phosphates (P) “di-phosphate” Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate”

PPP PPP Adenosine (A) 3 phosphates (P) “tri-phosphate” Adenosine (A) 2 phosphates (P) “di-phosphate” Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate”

PPPPPP AMP “mono-phosphate” ATP “tri-phosphate” ADP “di-phosphate”

Note: you do NOT need to memorize names of these molecules PPP ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) The molecular diagrams and names are to help you visualize the processes and help you put the concepts into a context

Building ATP requires energy as an INPUT PPP

Breaking ATP releases energy as an OUTPUT PPP Kinetic energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP PPP MORE stored energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP PPP LESS stored energy

ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP PPPPPP ATP ADPP + MORE stored energy LESS stored energy

PPP PPP CHEMICAL ENERGY INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK OUTPUT MORE stored energy ATP ADP P+ LESS stored energy

PPP PPP CHEMICAL ENERGY INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK OUTPUT MORE stored energy ATP ADP P+ LESS stored energy

PPP PPP CHEMICAL ENERGY INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK OUTPUT MORE stored energy ATP ADP P+ LESS stored energy

ATP cycles between ADP and ATP as chemical energy is converted into energy for cellular work PPP PPP CHEMICAL ENERGY INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK OUTPUT

Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed The atoms do not disappear when ATP is used for cellular work, they simply break apart and rearrange into ADP and P Chemical energy does not “turn into” ATP, it simply allows ADP and P to join together and rearrange to build ATP Matter cycles between different forms

What is glucose? Glucose is made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms Glucose Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen

What is glucose? Plants and other producers break apart carbon dioxide and water to build glucose. Glucose Carbon dioxide Water

What is glucose? To understand the energy relationships between the different molecules, we will first focus only on the carbon atoms Glucose Carbon dioxide Water

What is glucose? A hexagon is used to represent glucose because of its shape Glucose Carbon dioxide

Building glucose requires energy as an INPUT Glucose Carbon dioxide molecules

Breaking glucose releases energy as an OUTPUT Kinetic energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide MORE stored energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide LESS stored energy

Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide Glucose Carbon dioxide MORE stored energy LESS stored energy

LIGHT ENERGY INPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY OUTPUT MORE stored energy Glucose Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy

LIGHT ENERGY INPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY OUTPUT MORE stored energy Glucose Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy

Carbon cycles between carbon dioxide and glucose as light energy is converted into chemical energy LIGHT ENERGY INPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY OUTPUT

Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed The carbon atoms do not disappear when glucose is used for chemical energy, they simply break apart and rearrange into carbon dioxide Light energy does not “turn into” glucose, it simply allows carbon atoms to join together and rearrange to build glucose Matter cycles between different forms

LIGHT ENERGY INPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY OUTPUT MORE stored energy Glucose Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy

PPP PPP CHEMICAL ENERGY INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK OUTPUT MORE stored energy ATP ADP P+ LESS stored energy

LIGHT ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY Glucose Carbon dioxide PPP PPP ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK ATP ADP P+ Matter cycles as energy is transformed

LIGHT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK Light energy from the sun is transformed into energy for cellular work