Explain how religion influenced the development of Axum and Ethiopia. Objectives Explain how religion influenced the development of Axum and Ethiopia. Understand how trade affected the city-states in East Africa. Describe the economy of Great Zimbabwe.

Terms and People Axum – trading center and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present- day Ethiopia Adulis – an Axum port city on the Red Sea, one of two major cities in the kingdom that commanded a trade network in the region Ethiopia – a Greek term used by Axumite kings to refer to their kingdom

King Lalibela – the ruler of Ethiopia in the early 1200s Terms and People (continued) King Lalibela – the ruler of Ethiopia in the early 1200s Swahili – an East African language and culture that emerged by the 1000s from a combination of African, Asian, and Arabic influences Great Zimbabwe – powerful East African medieval trade center and city- state between 900 and 1500. Located in southern present-day Zimbabwe

What influence did religion and trade have on the development of East Africa? The kingdom of Axum expanded across the northern Ethiopian highlands of East Africa after 100 B.C. This civilization gained control of the Red Sea and grew rich from trade. As East Africans traded and exchanged ideas with people from Asia and the Middle East, a new culture and language emerged.

The two cultures blended and created a new language called Geez. The kingdom of Axum flourished between 300 B.C. and A.D. 600. Axum stretched from the mountains of present-day Ethiopia to the Red Sea. The people there were descended from African farmers and Middle Easterners. The two cultures blended and created a new language called Geez. 5

Axum grew very wealthy through trade. One of its main cities, Adulis, was a port on the Red Sea. Here, goods such as ivory, animal hides, and gold were brought to market. Axum controlled a triangular trade network between Africa, India, and the Mediterranean. 6

Axum converted to Christianity in the 300s. This conversion strengthened the kingdom’s ties with North Africa and the Mediterranean. However, when Islam spread in the 600s, Axum became isolated from many of its trading partners. Civil war and economic weakness led to the decline of Axum.

The legacy of Axum survived in medieval Ethiopia. King Lalibela came to power in Ethiopia in the early 1200s. He directed the building of Christian churches, carved into solid rock. Protected by rugged mountains, Ethiopia kept its independence for centuries.

Ethiopian Christians kept ties with the Holy Land in the Middle East. Some made pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Ethiopian Christianity absorbed local customs over time. Some Ethiopians practiced Judaism. Jews known as Falasha lived in Ethiopia until the late 1900s. 9

A rich cultural mix existed along the East African coast. Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Indian, Muslim, and Asian traders had visited since ancient times. By the 600s, sailors learned that monsoon winds would carry them from India to Africa each year. Foreign trade helped local rulers build strong, independent city-states, such as Kilwa.

Trade linked distant ports in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

Swahili developed as greater numbers of people began to settle in East Africa. Arabic words were absorbed into the Bantu-based language to create Swahili, an Arabic word meaning “of the coast.” This vibrant trading culture on the coast of East Africa led to the emergence of a new language.

South of the coastal city-states, a great inland empire existed. Bantu-speaking people who lived in this region between 900 and 1500 built huge stone towers in their capital city. The ruins left behind today are called Great Zimbabwe. Archaeologists are working now to learn more about this civilization.

Great Zimbabwe was part of an extensive trade network Great Zimbabwe was part of an extensive trade network. It reached its height around 1300. It had artisans and skilled builders. The ruler was probably a god-king who presided over a large court. Zimbabwe declined by 1500, probably due to civil war and slowing trade.

Welcome! Get exactly 10 note cards. Make a plan for getting your own (by Wednesday of this week) Fun with Flags 10 points, no writing = all good 10/10 Review Transatlantic Slave Trade reading We will have a quiz in a few minutes!  Get out a half sheet of paper, number 1-7

Why? How do European nations dominate the world starting in the 16th century? How did the slave trade affect Africa?

Age of Exploration Talk to your table partners about: What do you remember about the Age of Exploration? When? Why? Who? How will this impact Africa?

There was a huge demand for spices in Europe. They were used to flavor and preserve foods. They were used for medicinal purposes. They showed Status!

The Silk and Spice Trade The Europeans want spices: Black pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, etc. The Europeans want silk.

The Muslims are in the way! By the time spices get to Europe they can be 100 times as expensive as they are in Asia!

New Weapons and Technology Europeans began to specialize in sea travel, naval warfare, and trade.

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

Prince Henry, the Navigator Lived 1394-1460 Prince of Portugal Focused on maritime technology Funded and organized expeditions Founded a school for navigation in 1419 Authorized the kidnapping of native Africans to gather information about the continent. Motto: Desire to do well

Bartolemeu Dias, 1487, rounds the Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama, 1498-reaches India by sea I’m about to get rich! 3000% profit!!!!

Intelligence Report In the 15th century Africa was not vulnerable to European conquest. Organized Kingdoms (with guns) Disease (especially, Malaria) Rivers are difficult to navigate Europe is not powerful enough…yet African civilizations are too powerful…for now If you can’t beat them, trade.

Intelligence Report Assume the role of a sailor and spy for Prince Henry the Navigator Europeans aren’t able to colonize Africa, but they want to… Explain (suggest) how can Europeans overcome the following impediments: Organized Kingdoms Advanced Technology Disease (especially, Malaria) Rivers are difficult to navigate Europe is not powerful enough African civilizations are too powerful

Why? How do European nations dominate the world starting in the 16th century? How did the slave trade affect Africa?

The Slave Trade Slavery has existed in Africa, and most of Europe, for thousands of years 1400s: Portuguese explorers start to interact with African Civilizations -Trade guns and manufactured goods for gold/salt Colonization of the New World destroys Native Population -Need for labor arises

The Slave Trade Europeans see 4 major advantages in using African Labor Africans have been exposed to European diseases Many Africans have experience in farming Africans were less likely to escape (for good) in new land Skin Color How many Africans were transported to the new world? What role did African societies play in the slave trade?

The Slave Trade Introduction of European goods African leaders need guns/ goods to remain in power Sell or be sold mentality emerges Cycle of war, encouraged by European traders

Effects of the Slave Trade Brain Drain in Africa: Youngest, fittest, brightest minds taken Disruption of African Civilizations - Societies Economic and Cultural development of New World Homogenization of African Cultures (in the eyes of Europeans) Increased wealth for Europe

Challenges: Intelligence Report How do you think Europeans will overcome these challenges? Organized Kingdoms Advanced Technology Disease Difficult Rivers Use the reading to find out if your predictions were correct – write them in to your report & be prepared to share! (note answers to other question)

Challenge: Organized Kingdoms Africa had wide variety of cultures and languages Not unified – separated by kingdoms and languages Naturally fought one another Europeans played rival kingdoms against each other

Challenge: Organized Kingdoms …in 1600, nearly 30% of the world’s population lives in Africa. By 1900, under 10% of the world’s population lives in Africa. …the population of Africa in 1850 has been estimated to have been only about half of what it would have been had slavery and the slave trade not been a factor in African history.

Challenge: Organized Kingdoms

Challenge: Advanced Technology African Nations have guns, and ferocious warriors 1881: Hiram Maxim visits Paris Electrical Exhibition Told "If you wanted to make a lot of money, invent something that will enable these Europeans to cut each other's throats with greater facility."

The Maxim Gun Invented in 1884 500 bullets per minute (as many as 100 riflemen) Why is this key in the conquest of Africa?

Challenge: Advanced Technology “Whatever happens, we have got The Maxim Gun, and they have not” -French Poet Hilaire Beloc

Challenge: Disease Malaria: Deadly disease spread by mosquitoes in hot/tropical areas 1700s: Death rate for European explorers in Africa is 50%

Challenge: Disease Quinine! Found in the bark of the cinchona tree Native to Peru and Bolivia Treats malaria!

Challenge: Rivers Africa has rivers But they flow towards the sea… This makes Europeans sad. 

Challenge: Rivers Early 1800s: Steam Boats!

Railroads Early 1800s

Colonization in steps Step 1: Europeans weren't able to colonize Africa 2nd: Europeans engaged in the slave trade, leads to weakening of African strengths 3rd: The Industrial Revolution 4th: Social Darwinism 5th: White Man's Burden

The Industrial Revolution 18th and 19th Century Europe New economic systems forced Europeans to look elsewhere for raw materials What do they need to justify colonization?

Imperialism What is imperialism?

Social Darwinism In table groups-discuss & take notes: What is Social Darwinism? What does it have to do with imperialism?

Social Darwinism Theory where Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” applied to social groups and races Not scientific. Used by some Europeans to justify their “superiority” Also super racist…

Cecil Rhodes Diamonds, railroads

Cecil Rhodes British Businessmen Supporter of British Imperialism “I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race...” “If there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible..."

Cecil Rhodes "Remember that you are an Englishman, and have consequently won first prize in the lottery of life."

Cecil Rhodes "In order to save the forty million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war, our colonial statesmen must acquire new lands for settling the surplus population of this country, to provide new markets... The Empire, as I have always said, is a bread and butter question"

Rudyard Kipling 1865-1936 British Nobel Prize winning novelist, reporter, and poet. Author of the Jungle Book Proponent of White imperialism.

Colonization in steps 1st: Europeans weren't able to colonize Africa 2nd: Europeans engaged in the slave trade, leads to weakening of African strengths. 3rd: The Industrial Revolution - demand for raw materials, & motivation for colonization 4th: Social Darwinism gave Europeans further desire to colonize 5th: White Man's Burden allowed Europeans to justify (wrongly) their actions through claims that they were helping African nations in the process