AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19 th Century PPT #509 Politics and Empire Building of Late 19 th Century (Lesson notes from the book)

Essential Questions 21. Why did the very hawkish Bismarck become more dovish after German unification? 22. How did Victoria save the British monarchy?

General Trends in Government The masses shifted their loyalties to a nation- state government by the 1870s Why? What had transpired? Political parties more closely aligned with electorate The masses gained right to vote by century end – felt like they were a part of something special Laws became more responsive to masses Politicians used nationalism to gain popular support Nationalism became extreme and competitive

New German Empire

Politics of the new German Empire Co-joined 25 German states into one empire Strong national movement What were Bismarck's policies? – Control internal politics That meant to prevent a socialist majority – Avoid foreign conflict

WHAT IS HE TALKING ABOUT?

“It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.” Otto von Bismarck PROVIDE EVIDENCE

“Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made.” Otto von Bismarck WHY IS THAT?

“Politics are not a science based on logic; they are the capacity of always choosing at each instant, in constantly changing situations, the least harmful, the most useful.” Otto von Bismarck WHAT IS HE DESCRIBING?

“People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war, or before an election.” Otto von Bismarck IS THIS WHAT ALL POLITICIANS DO?

“One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.” Otto von Bismarck OF WHAT IS THIS A PREMONITION?

WHAT IS HE SUGGESTING ABOUT IMPERIALISM?

Kulturkampf WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE?

Kulturkampf Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power of the Church Most of Germany was Catholic A Catholic Germany… why might a guy like Bismarck take issue with this? This was a failure – Bismarck backed off by 1878

Realpolitik Bismarck was a master diplomat Definition: a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. How did Kulturkampf turn out to be realpolitik? Bismarck’s realpolitik: raised tariff on cheap grain from USA – got him support of Catholics (mostly poor farmers) = PROTECTIONISM Why will this cause issues all over Europe? Caused issues when other nations followed – leading to increased international antagonism.

German Social Democrats His only real challenge to his power in the Reichstag (lower house) “socialists” Bismarck blamed the several attacks to William I on socialists Allowed him to strictly control their meetings Eventual banning of party In mean time: applied realpolitik to relationship with socialist supporters – How would he do this? Gave in to workers’ demands – Old age pensions – Retirement benefits – Paid for by all workers – first income tax EVER – Caused socialists to become impotent

William II Grandson to William I Ascended to throne in 1888 Young, instable, idealistic extreme nationalist – Will this be an issue? Opposed Bismarck’s power Craved to be loved by workers and the British Forced Bismarck resign – why will this matter? The new post-Bismarck Germany would evolve to young Kaiser William’s vision “our place in the sun” Militaristic and imperialistic

New French Republic

The New France of 1871 Empire destroyed by Prussians (1871) Paris Commune refused to surrender – French government turned cannon on own citizenry Franco-Prussian War – why will this matter? French attempted a new monarchy National Assembly could find no takers in the Bourbon and Orleans families After five years – declared themselves the THIRD REPUBLIC Became increasingly socialist

Dreyfus Affair France had become more secular And Catholics and secularists were uniting Everything seemed fine… and then… CAPT Dryfus was accused of selling secrets to the Germans during the post- Franco-Prussian War era Why will just the thought of this capture national attention? People took sides, splitting the nation He was found guilty, sentenced to life in prison, at Devil’s Island

Dreyfus Affair He was to be shamed by the army Emile Zola supported him; got him exonerated click

British Government

British monarchs of 19 th century George III ( ) – American Revolution George IV ( ) – first son to George III accused his father of insanity, so he could rule. – Charming, but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible – Secretly (illegally) married his catholic, commoner GF – King forced him into unhappy marriage to cousin William IV ( ) – third son to George III – Ended slavery, the Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832 – Had 10 illigitimate kids with actress GF – no legitimate – Power passed to daughter of 4 th son of George III Victoria I ( )- only legitimate grandchild of George III – 63 years monarch

Queen Victoria and Victorian Engl. She saved the monarchy Why would I say that? Represented loyalty, thrift hard work Married her love and cousin, Albert of the house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha Nine children – married them into various royal houses in Europe That meant that many monarch just prior to WWI were closely related

House of Commons House of Lords fully subordinate to Commons Whigs vs. Tories Second Reform Bill of 1867 – Conservative Legislation – Benjamin Disraeli – Full suffrage to middle class and Labor Aristocracy – Purpose: increase anti-whig voters Third Reform Bill of 1884 – Full male suffrage

The People’s Budget Liberals took Commons with Prime Minster David Lloyd George New political party With new suffrage, who will they represent? Increased spending on socialist agenda Raised taxes on the wealthy National health insurance, unemployment benefits, old age pensions

Home Rule in Ireland British slowly granting more freedoms to Irish Rights to Catholic peasants WWI stopped all developments Irish agitated, esp. the non-agrig. Northern section of Ulster N. Irish raised an army of 100,000 militants – Supported by British populace – Irish raise there own army – the IRA

Marxism and Socialist Movement Socialism became a powerful political party by close of 1871 Marx claimed that workers had no nation – Needed to unite across borders Founded FIRST INTERNATIONAL – Union of workers – He passionately supported the Paris Commune – Meeting collapsed – Second International Second International ( ) – Met every three years to discuss socialism – Created “May Day” to celebrate the worker

Assessment of later 19 th century

Assessment of Decade Changes in Britain Changes in France Changes in Germany Changes in Russia

Great Migration (we’ll do this later…)