What is globalisation?
The process by which societies become increasingly interconnected
What is meant by the term ‘global risk society’?
A world society in which risks transcend national boundaries
Who argued we’re entering a ‘global risk society’?
Ulrich Beck
What do you understand by the term ‘society- centred theories?
Theories which see the role of the state shaped by wider society
Who argues for ‘society-centred theories’?
Pluralists Marxists New Right Theorists
What are state-centred theories?
Theories which see the state as having the ability to act independently from wider society
Who argues for ‘state-centred theories’?
Nordlinger Skocpol
What do you understand by the term ‘fragmented elite model’?
A model which claims that power is concentrated in the hands of a few elites who compete for influence
Which academic supports the ‘fragmented elite model’?
Budge
What do you understand by the term ‘elite recruitment model’?
This model argues elites are now recruited from all social-classes
Who argues for the ‘elite recruitment model’?
Stanworth & Giddens
What three points do New Right theories of the state argue?
For a free market – on with free and open competition Reduced interference in the lives of individuals Reduced state welfare
What does David Held argue?
In a global society nation-states have too little control over their own economies
What is partisan alignment?
Identification with and loyalty to a particular political party
What is class dealigment?
A reduction in class based voting
What is political socialisation?
The process in which individuals learn political values and party loyalty from their parents
What do Butler and Stokes argue?
Partisan and class alignment is due to political socialisation
What do Slarvick and Crewe argue?
They argue the main reason for partisan dealignment is class dealignment
Identify one reason for continuing dealignment
Sanders points out the ideological gap between Labour and Conservatism is continually narrowing
What are protective pressure groups?
Pressure groups whose main aim is to promote a particular cause
What are protective pressure groups?
Pressure groups whose main aim is to protect the interests of their members
What are old social movements?
They’re mainly class based being concerned with material or economic issues such as better working conditions, higher pay, longer holidays
What are NSMs?
New social movements are more concerned with non-material issues. They’re not class based and tend to focus on single issues.
Why have NSMs come into existence?
Giddens’ argues NSMs are a reaction to global risks. As many risks transcend national boundaries traditional protests within national boundaries are inadequate
What does Ralph Miliband mean when he argues the media is ‘the opium of the people’?
He likens the media to a drug which creates an illusion and sense of wellbeing to its audience