Module #2 Structures Pamela Eddy Organizational and Governance

Agenda History of machine metaphor Major theorist Key assumptions Current relevancy

Structural Roots: sociology, management science Key concepts: goals, roles (division of labor), formal relationships Central focus: alignment of structure with goals and environment Industrial revolution

Adam Smith Looked at techniques of pin manufacturing to illustrate how the division of labor can produce economic efficiency.

Karl Marx, Philio/Economist and Revolutionary ( ) Regarded as one of the founders of sociology. Theory of Capital Managerial Control Exploitation Alienation Image from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University

Emile Durkheim, Sociologist ( ) - Informal (social needs) and Formal organization. - Development of objectivist research methods; objective measurement, statistical description and analysis.

Max Weber, Sociologist ( ) Types of Authority: Traditional ~ inherited Charismatic ~ attraction Rational-Legal ~ technical abilities

Division of Labor The distribution of work responsibilities and tasks within an organization.

Hierarchy of Authority The distribution of authority in an organization and formal reporting relationships Manager Employee

Formalization The extent to which explicit rules, regulations, policies, and procedures govern activities.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, Engineer () ( ) Founder of Scientific Management - applying scientific methods to work to maximize the benefits to employees, employers, and society. Developed work standards, uniform work methods, order-of-work sequences, methods of placing workers, methods of supervision, and incentive schemes. Frank Gilbreth—Time motion expert. Son and Daughter wrote Cheaper by the Dozen

Mary Parker Follett, Scholar SR ( ) Promoted employee involvement and democratic forms of organization. Developed the principle of self-government of groups.

Henri Fayol, Engineer, Admin Theorist ( ) Developed administrative principles including: Span-of-control~number of subordinates supervised by a manager. Departmentation~ grouping similar activities. Unity-of-command~ one person - one boss. Scalar principle~linking organizational members in a hierarchy.

Luther H. Gulick, Admin Theorist ( ) Developed a science of administration: Organizational efficiency through the division of work into small, specialized segments; clear task definition, instruction etc. Defined the work of the chief executive through POSDCoRB Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting

Chester Barnard, Executive and Management Theorist ( ) Organizations as cooperative social systems: - the communication of goals - worker motivation

Bolman & Deal Assumptions Org exist to achieve established goals/objectives Org increase efficiency/performance through specialization and division of labor Suitable forms of coordination/control ensure diverse efforts of ind/unit mesh Org work best when rationality prevails Structures must be designed to fit org current context When structural deficiencies arise, solve through analysis and restructuring

Summary Structure still relevant in organizational analysis Adaptive structures align for context Leadership from a structural perspective relies on infrastructure and rationality over human resources