Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter 14

Key Concepts Major geologic processes Earthquakes and volcanoes Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Finding and extracting mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources

Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Fig. 4-7 p. 60

Earth Structure animation

Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle Fig. 16-2 p. 333

Plate Tectonics Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Subduction zone Transform fault Refer to Fig. 16-3 p. 334 Fig. 16-5 p. 336

Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Oceanic tectonic plate Ocean trench Collision between two continents Plate movement Plate movement Tectonic plate Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Subduction zone Continental crust Continental crust Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle Mantle convection cell Hot material rising through the mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on falling convection current. Mantle Hot outer core Inner core

Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 16-4, p. 335

Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary

Trench Volcanic island arc Lithosphere Rising magma Asthenosphere Subduction zone Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary

Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries Fracture zone Transform fault Lithosphere Asthenosphere Transform fault connecting two divergent plate boundaries

External Earth Processes Erosion Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Chemical weathering Biological weathering

Natural Hazards: Earthquakes Features Magnitude Aftershocks Primary effects Secondary effects Fig. 16-6 p. 337

Expected Earthquake Damage Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage Fig. 16-7 p. 337

Measuring earthquakes: Earthquake waves How earthquakes happen: Earthquake cause

Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling Partially molten asthenosphere Fig. 16-8 p. 338

Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposit Magma Tube worms White crab White clam

Minerals and Rocks Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types Igneous (granite, basalt) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate)

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Igneous Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Deposition Transport Erosion Rock Cycle Heat, Pressure Weathering Heat, Pressure Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Fig. 16-9 p. 339

Erosion Weathering Heat, pressure Heat, pressure, stress Magma Melting Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous Rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Metallic Non-metallic Energy resources Ores

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories Identified Undiscovered Reserves Other Fig. 16-10 p. 340

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Satellite and air imagery Radiation detectors Magnetometers Gravity differences Seismic surveys Chemical analyses

Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12 Open-pit (surface mining) Dredging (surface mining) Area strip (surface mining) Contour strip (surface mining) Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining) Longwall (subsurface mining)

Open Pit Mine

Dredging

Contour Strip Mining

Area Strip Mining

Ventilation shaft Main shaft Lift cage Shaft Coal seams Pumps Underground Coal Mine

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act Established 1977 Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites Limited success

Extra credit assignment: Read, summarize and comment on: Mining companies make fortunes off of public land

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Disruption of land surface Subsidence Erosion of solid mining waste Acid mine drainage Air pollution Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig. 16-14 p. 344

More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Room and pillar Spoil Longwall Open-pit Dredging Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342 Strip mining

Processing Mineral Resources Ore mineral Gangue Tailings Smelting Refer to Fig. 16-15 p. 344

Supplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion Depletion time Foreign sources Environmental concerns Economics New technologies Mining the ocean Finding substitutes Fig. 16-16 p. 346

Scattered in environment Smelting Separation of ore from gangue Melting metal Conversion to product Metal ore Recycling Surface mining Discarding of product Scattered in environment