On resources and environment The nature of resources –the Malthusian trap –the supply-demand equilibrium The ocean resources –food resources –mineral resources –energy resources Oceans and the environment –food resources –mineral resources –energy resources

The J- versus S-shaped population growth curves

Africa (18.8%) Southern and eastern Asia (57.8%) World population is likely to stabilize at ~8.5 billion by 2,025.

Growth Rates: Exponential versus Linear

Average annual rate of population change (natural increase) in 1996

World’s 10 most populous countries in 1996 World population projections by region:

Urbanization has been particularly on the rise.

Seafood is an important source of animal protein worldwide, nonetheless.

World fish harvest: Note that Indian Ocean has the least yield. Area (10 6 km 2 ) Volume (10 6 km 3 ) Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Annual fish harvest (million tons)

Ocean area (km 2 ) Primary produc- tion (gC/m 2 /yr) Average number of trophic steps Net transfer efficiency Total fish production (tons/yr) Oceanic Coastal Upwelling 325x10 6 (90%) 36x10 6 (9.9%) 36x10 4 (0.1%) x10 6 (<1%) 120 x10 6 (~50%) World fish production* * J.H. Ryther: Science, 166 (1969): 72-76

Even the maximum possible yield from world’s oceans can hardly suffice.

Annual fish harvests of the leading nations.

Seafood is already a major source of animal protein in the Asian diet.