What are Researchers Doing? Michael Jubb Research Information Network 3 rd Bloomsbury E-Publishing Conference 26 June 2009

The Role of Information in Research: a crude model defining a set of research questions, issues or problems identifying relevant existing knowledge accessing, analysing, and evaluating existing knowledge and data designing a methodology for generating new knowledge applying the methodology and discovering new knowledge combining old and new knowledge to answer research questions and to enhance understanding disseminating the outcomes of research in a form that is both sustainable and retrievable

Information in the Research Process gather evaluate create analyse manage transform present and communicate

The Research Process: Animal Genetics

The Research Process: Transgenesis and Embryology

The Research Process: Epidemiology

The Research Process: Neuroscience

The Research Process differs even in apparently similar areas of work, and also between teams………

Composition of Research Groups big science vs small science small teams typical in life sciences amorphous and overlapping associations with other teams “primary research engagements tend to be local” divisions of expertise, labour and knowledge exchange PI/leader, senior researchers/lecturers, associates, computational specialists, postdocs, PhDs, technicians……… dangers of surveys that look at individual responses divorced from context

Different roles and activities: who or where is your information coming from?

Information Access: some generalisations Google lack of concern about limitations range of other sites and databases limited awareness of what is available limited time and “learning costs” find a service you like, and stick with it importance of (very) domain-specific and (highly) specialist services “informal discussion” a key source of information and advice relatively little use of blogs, wikis etc some concerns about barriers to access to full text resistance to requirement to pay multiple platforms an inhibiter to take-up and use even Grid users want to work simply on the desktop

Different roles and activities: types of information being created

Creating information: some points about data a language problem: what do we mean by data and information? most researchers spend much of their time searching for, gathering, organising, and analysing data but producing – and sharing - data is not the primary objective general assumption that data do not have intrinsic meaning until analysed, interpreted, described……. ownership and protection control over knowledge and information data curation/stewardship/management important to researchers only (at best) intermittently belief that only researchers themselves can have the knowledge necessary to curate their data data management plans required by funders, but not much sign of adoption role of publishers?

Data Sharing: Motivations and Constraints evidence of benefits citation esteem and good evaluation explicit rewards altruism reciprocity enhanced visibility cultural/peer pressures opportunities for collaboration, co-authorship easy-to-do no clear benefits/incentives competition; desire to extract maximum value desire for/fear of commercial exploitation access restrictions desired or imposed legal, ethical problems lack of time, funds, expertise sheer size of datasets nowhere to put it

Different roles and activities: who or where will information be shared with and how?

Sharing and disseminating information local altruism and reciprocity sharp distinctions between sharing internally and externally formal and informal sharing/dissemination personal relationships and trust

Where, when and how to publish? key motivation is recognition by peers peer review critically important recognition measured by citation career advancement secondary motivation is maximising dissemination tension between targeting best audience and highest quality journal increasing collaboration more co-authorship significant rise in proportion of multi-authored works between 2003 and 2008 research assessment affects choices signs of increase in productivity small rise in no. of articles per author

Productivity?

Publications by type

Importance of types of output

Importance of professional journals

Importance of monographs

Importance of book chapters

Importance of conference presentations

Citation behaviours

Citation behaviours UK

Interim findings?

Web 2.0?

Futures?

Some tentative conclusions researchers vary by discipline by role discovery and access still present challenges attitudes towards research data are not what funders, employers (and publishers?) think they should be we need to know more about citation behaviour researchers’ views of the importance of different types of output do not always correlate with what and how they publish Web 2.0 and related developments are small scale as yet, but have the potential to take off

Questions? Thanks Michael Jubb