Conceiving Children

Contraceptive risk taking increases with  Drug and alcohol use  Low self esteem  Fear of alienating partner by asking for cooperation with birth control

Indications of pregnancy (common during first trimester)  Breast tenderness  Nausea and vomiting  Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in blood test  Fatigue

Miscarriages  Majority in first trimester  10% to 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage  Early miscarriages may appear as heavier than usual menstrual flow

Stages of labor

First stage of labor  First stage “Bloody show” Uterine contractions Ruptured amniotic sac (Water breaks)

Second stage  Birth of child

Third stage  Placenta

Cesarean section  Performed when Fetal distress during labor Feet or bottom presents first

First trimester abortions  Have little effect on subsequent fertility or pregnancy

Infertility  50% of infertility = male factors Due to  Smoking  Alcohol abuse  Environmental toxins  50% of infertility = female factors

Other reasons for infertility  STD’s (M&F)  Blocked tubes (M&F)  Low sperm count  Low sperm motility  Lack of ovulation

Infertility-Fertility drugs

Infertility treatments  Artificial insemination  In vitro Fertilization  GIFT (Gamete intrafallopian transfer)  ZIFT (Zygote intrafallopian transfer)  ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

Artificial insemination  Semen introduced into woman’s vagina,cervix, or uterus

In Vitro fertilization  Fertilizing egg in dish  Placed into uterus

GIFT (Gamete intrafallopian transfer)  Sperm and ova placed directly into fallopian tube

ZIFT (Zygote intrafallopian transfer)  Egg fertilized in dish  Placed into fallopian tube

ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)   Single sperm injection

Abortion rates

Abortion  RU486

Birth defects (Chorionic Villus Sampling)

Sexual activity during pregnancy  Sexual activity and orgasm may continue as desired until labor begins  Sexual interest progressively declines over the nine months

Amniocentesis  Fluid around the fetus is removed to check for birth defects