Mapp v. Ohio (1961) FACTS OF THE CASE: On May 23, 1957, police officers in near Cleveland, Ohio received information that a suspect in a bombing case, as well as some illegal betting equipment, might be found in the home of Dollree Mapp. Three officers went to the home and asked for permission to enter, but Mapp refused to admit them without a search warrant. Two officers left, and one remained. Three hours later, the two returned with several other officers. Brandishing a piece of paper, they broke in the door. Mapp asked to see the “warrant” and took it from an officer, putting it in her dress. The officers struggled with Mapp and took the piece of paper away from her. They handcuffed her for being “belligerent.” Police found neither the bombing suspect nor the betting equipment during their search, but they did discover some pornographic material in a suitcase by Mapp's bed. Mapp said that she had loaned the suitcase to a boarder at one time and that the contents were not her property. She was arrested, prosecuted, found guilty, and sentenced for possession of pornographic material. No search warrant was introduced as evidence at her trial. QUESTION: Were the confiscated materials protected by the First Amendment? (May evidence obtained through a search in violation of the Fourth Amendment be admitted in a state criminal proceeding?) DECISION: The Court brushed aside the First Amendment issue and declared that "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is inadmissible in a state court." It placed the requirement of excluding illegally obtained evidence from court at all levels of the government. The decision is called the exclusionary rule.

Citizenship in the USA A person is automatically considered a U.S. Citizen if: – You are born in the USA – You are born in another country to parents who are US citizens – You are born in another country to one parent who was a US citizen and both parents were married when you were born A person can become a U.S. Citizen through a process called Naturalization

De Jure Segregation From the Latin meaning “from the law” Segregation of the races based on laws. EX: Jim Crow Laws

De Facto Segregation From the Latin meaning “in fact” Segregation based on customs, not based in law EX: When one neighborhood is considered a “black” neighborhood and another is a “white” one.

President Woodrow Wilson Even though he didn’t think women should have the right to vote at first he finally supported it due, in part, to Alice Paul’s treatment in the Occoquan Workhouse. PUBLICLY, the reason he gave was that they should get the right to vote due to THEIR EFFORTS AND COMMITMENT DURING WORLD WAR I

Native Americans Granted citizenship in 1924 Not given full suffrage rights in all states until 1944

Inflation When we are experiencing Inflation prices on goods and services will rise/go up.

Things you are guaranteed in a Command Economic System A place to live A job Schooling/job training Healthcare That your minimum basic needs are met by the government

The budget deficit will increase dramatically If we continue to increase government spending BUT we decrease the amount of money the government collects in taxes

9/11 The events of 9/11 caused dramatic increases in the amounts we have spent on National Defense

Items not in GDP Second hand sales and the “black market” are never included in the GDP The reason for this is Second Hand sales have already been accounted for when they were sold the first time (EX: Used Cars) The “Black Market” is not included because the items sold are illegal

GDP When GDP expands the economy goes up/does better