 Described personality is terms of fundamental traits (characteristic behaviors and conscious motives).  Less interested in explaining traits than in describing them.

 Carl Jung’s Personality Types › Extraversion – Introversion › Sensing – Intuition › Thinking – Feeling  Isabel Briggs Myers added: › Judging - Perceiving

 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator › Developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs › Personality test that classified people according to Jung’s personality types. › Criticized for lack of predictive value, yet it has been used in business and career counseling.

What are all the ways we could describe an apple?

Small Large Red Green Sweet Sour

 We can get a more complete picture of an apple by looking at it from multiple dimensions.  We can get a more complete picture of our personality by looking at it from multiple dimensions.

 However, if we look at too many dimensions, we will become overwhelmed. It could also take forever.

 Used by psychologists to reduce the number of personality traits to a few basic ones.  Trait psychologists tried to come up with the core personality dimensions. › Allows us to look at personality from multiple angles but narrows it down to the essential dimensions.

 Hans & Sybil Eysenck thought they could look at personality from two dimensions: Emotionally Unstable IntroversionExtraversion Emotionally Stable

 Research shows that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.  Extraverts have › less activity in the frontal lobe portion of their brain. › Higher dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity.  Dopamine influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

 Research shows the genes we receive from our parents play an important role in defining our temperament and behavioral style.  Variations in shyness and inhibition may be related to the automatic nervous system.

 There is evidence among dogs, birds, and other animals that personality differences are stable in animals.

 Questionnaires that categorize personality traits.

 The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) › The most widely used personality inventory. › Questions are grouped into 10 scales. › Was empirically derived  That is, developed by testing a large pool of items and selecting the items that differentiated particular individuals.

 How stable are these traits? › In adulthood, they are quite stable. › However, some will decline during early and middle adulthood.  Example: neuroticism, extraversion, openness › Some increase throughout adulthood.  Example: conscientiousness, agreeableness

 How heritable are they? › The extent to which individual differences are attributable to genes is generally 50%

 Do the Big Five traits predict other personal attributes? › Yes › Examples:  Highly conscientious people earn better high school and university grades.

 Are our personality traits stable and enduring? OR  Does our behavior depend on where we are and who we are with?

 Both › Personality traits must persist over time AND across situations.

 Research shows that trait scores are positively correlated with scores obtained 7 years later. › Scores are linked, connected, compare. › Scores remain consistent.

 Although our personality traits may be stable over time, our specific behaviors are not always consistent from one situation to another. › Examples:  A teacher may have consistent behaviors at school, but act differently at home.  A student may have consistent behaviors while hanging out with friends, but act differently at home.

 Consistent behaviors in one situation does not necessarily mean we can predict behaviors in another situation. › Examples:  Knowing how a teacher acts at school does not mean we can predict how that teacher will act at home.  Knowing how a student acts with friends does not mean we can predict how that student will act at home.

 Therefore, a person’s score on a personality test is not very predictive of his or her behavior in any situation.  However, our expressive styles are quite consistent and reveal distinct personality types: › Animation › Manner of speaking › Gestures