BI143: Fundamentals of Life Science

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Presentation transcript:

BI143: Fundamentals of Life Science THE PROCESS of SCIENCE CHAPTER 1

SCIENCE: The Body of Knowledge Accumulated Using the SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The Scientific Method Observations: Plants grow better in sunny areas. Question: Do plants need sunlight to grow? Hypothesis: Plants need sunlight to grow. Prediction: If plants need sunlight to grow, then plants not in sunlight will die.

The Scientific Method cont. Controlled Experiment: Control Group: Plants in sunlight Experimental Group: Plants without sunlight Independent Variable: Exposure to sunlight Dependent Variable: Growth of plants Data/Results: Plants with no sunlight die. Conclusion: Hypothesis is correct. Theory: ???

There is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations A theory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence

The History of a THEORY: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION ARISTOTLE’S THEORY 4th Century B.C.

REDI’S EXPERIMENT 1668 Tries to disprove Spontaneous Generation of small organisms (flies) Meat Sealed in jar: Produces no maggots Meat in Unsealed jar: Produces maggots Conclusion: Flies are needed to produce flies Problem with the experiment???

SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT 1767 Tries to disprove Spontaneous Generation of Microorganisms Sterilizes broth by boiling it for 1 hour Broth in sealed flask produces no microorganisms Broth in open flask produces microorganisms Problems with the experiment???

PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT 1860 Similar to Spallanzani’s experiment, but uses a swan-neck flask instead of a sealed flask (let’s “LIFE FORCE” from air into both flasks Flask with swan-neck produces no microorganisms Material from the bend in the swan-neck flask produces microorganisms

Mistakes Can Lead to Discovery Fleming discovers Penicillin (1929) Fleming was investigating the bacterium, staphylococci Fleming returned to his laboratory after a vacation and noticed that one culture was contaminated with a fungus The part of the culture near the fungus was killed Fleming identified the mold as being from the Penicillium genus The substance (first antibiotic) that was produced by the mold was named penicillin

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