Snowball Earth History of Glaciation. Main Periods of Glaciation Huronian glaciations 2.5-2.2 billion years ago Late Proterozoic glaciations 900-545 million.

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Presentation transcript:

Snowball Earth History of Glaciation

Main Periods of Glaciation Huronian glaciations billion years ago Late Proterozoic glaciations million years ago Late Ordivician glaciations million years ago Permo-carboniferous glaciations million years ago Pleistocene glaciations 1.8 million – 10,000 years ago

Huronian Glaciations How do we get glaciers in a methane-rich atmosphere? - rise of O 2 atmosphere 2.3 bya - elimination of methane in atmosphere - decreased greeenhouse gases - Earth enters deep-freeze Evidence?

Huronian Glaciations: Evidence Kump, Kasting, and Crane (2004)

Huronian Glaciations: Recovery CO 2 outgassing

Snowball Earth Late Proterozoic Glaciation Glaciation on 6 of 7 continents - Antarctica: maybe was glaciated but too much ice today to tell Evidence: tillites, glacial striations, dropstones Continental reconstructions show land was centered around equator

Carbonate cap above glacial dropstones in Namibia

Bagganjarga tillite and striated bedrock in Norway

How did Earth Cool? Less solar luminosity – about 6% less than today Removal of CO 2 from atmosphere continents at equator – silicate weathering even as Earth cools

How did Earth Cool? Polar ice sheets form at poles and grow increased albedo decreased surface temperatures

How did Earth warm? Earth completely frozen Silicate weathering ceases CO 2 outgassing continues Ice starts melting decreased albedo increased suface temperatures

Times, temps, and rates Glaciers freezing from 30 degrees to equator - decades Surface temperature = -40 or -50 degrees C CO2 buildup during Snowball Earth - 10 million years Entire disappearance of glaciers after CO2 buildup - thousands of years CO2 rich atmosphere, low albedo - surface temperature = 50 or 60 degrees C Silicate weathering increases, climate system restored