URINARY SYSTEM BADEL MARIA MARGARITA ESPINOSA GUERRA MALORY PINEDA OLIVEROS RAISA MEDICINA II

P hysiology Typically, every human has two kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about the size of a bar of soap. Functionally the kidney performs a number of tasks.. Hormones exogenous and endogenous to the kidney alter the amount of blood flowing through the glomerulus. Some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production.

PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM THE KIDNEYS The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases of the kidney is called nephrology.

The Kidney The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs, and each whole kidney is surrounded by two layers of fat (the perirenal and pararenal fat) which help to cushion it.

The Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a balloon. It is located in the anterior pelvis. The bladder stores urine; it swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. The epithelial tissue associated with the bladder is called transitional epithelium. Normally the bladder is sterile. Sphincters (circular muscles) regulate the flow of urine from the bladder. The bladder itself has a muscular layer (detrusor muscle) that, when contracted, increases pressure on the bladder and creates urinary flow. Urination is a conscious process, generally initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall which signal to the brain that the bladder is full. This is felt as an urge to urinate. When urination is initiated, the sphincter relaxes and the detrusor muscle contracts, producing urinary flow.

The Bladder

Urethra In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both genders to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for sperm. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination.

FEMALE URETHRA In the human female, the urethra is about inches long and opens in the vulva between the clitoris and the vaginal opening. The female urethra is a narrow membranous canal, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, imbedded in the anterior wall of the vagina. MALE URETHRA In the human male, the urethra is about 8 inches (20 cm) long and opens at the end of the penis. The inside of the urethra has a spiral groove (like rifling in a gun barrel), which makes the urine flow in a wide stream.

Ureters In human anatomy, the ureters are the ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, passing anterior to the psoas major. The ureters are muscular tubes that can propel urine along by the motions of peristalsis. In the adult, the ureters are usually 25-30cm long.

The Ureters

Diseases of the Urinary System - KIDNEY CANCER Kidney cancer occurs when cells in either the cortex of the kidney or cells in the renal pelvis grow uncontrollably and form tumors that can invade normal tissues and spread to other parts of the body. In this case, they are obviously called renal cell carcinomas. - HYPOSPADIAS Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly (birth defect) of the penis. The urethral opening (meatus) is at or just below the junction where the glans joins the shaft of the penis. It can, however, be as far back as the scrotum.