EXPLORING MARRIAGES AND FAMILY, 2ND EDITION Karen Seccombe Chapter 11 Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among Intimates © 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Nature of Stress and Crisis Crisis: A critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life Family Stress: Tensions that test a family’s emotional resources Acute Stress: Short-term stress Chronic Stress: Long-term stress © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.1 The Ten Most Common Family Stressors © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Nature of Stress and Crisis Responses to Stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The predictable pattern one’s body follows when coping with stress, which includes the alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Nature of Stress and Crisis Patterns of Family Crises 3 distinct phases The event that causes the crisis The period of disorganization that follows The reorganization that takes place afterwards © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.1 Five Patterns of the Effects of Stress/Crises on Family Functioning © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Nature of Stress and Crisis Coping or Not: The ABC-X Models ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis Double ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.2 ABC-X Model of Family Stress and Crisis © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.3 Double ABC-X Model of Family Crisis: Pile-Up © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Violence among Intimates Violence is a social problem because: It affects large numbers of people Violence is not completely random © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence Defined as violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partners Can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS): A scale based on how people deal with disagreements in relationships © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence How We Define and Measure Intimate Partner Violence Are Men or Women More Likely to Be Victims? Bias and the CTS Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence Femicide: The killing of women © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.4 Women Raped or Physically Assaulted in Lifetime by Race/Ethnicity © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence Types of Intimate Partner Violence Common Couple Violence Intimate Terrorism Violent Resistance Mutual Violent Control Stalking and Cyberstalking Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.5 Lifetime Reports of Stalking Among Female Victims by Type of Tactic Experienced (2010) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.2 Prevalence of Physical and Mental Health Outcomes among Those Who Have Been Victims of Rape, Stalking, or Intimate Partner Violence, 2010 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence Coping with Violence: Leaving and Staying Learned Helplessness: The psychological condition of having low self-esteem, feeling helpless, and having no control that is caused by repeated abuse © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence Battered Women’s Syndrome: A recognized psychological condition, often a subcategory of post-traumatic stress syndrome, used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence Violence in Gay and Lesbian Relationships Dating Violence © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Intimate Partner Violence Rape and Sexual Assault Rape on College Campuses “Date Rape” Drugs: Drugs that are used to immobilize a person to facilitate an assault © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.6 Lifetime Reports of Sexual Violence Among Female Victims by Type of Perpetrator, 2010 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.3 Prevalence of Rape by Race/Ethnicity, 2010 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.4 The Most Common Types of Child Abuse © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse: An attack on a child that results in an injury and violates our social norms Types of Child Abuse Is Corporal Punishment Child Abuse? Who Would Abuse Children? © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.7 Perpetrator’s Relationship to the Victim © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Abuse and Neglect Consequences of Child Abuse Trafficking The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons,… By means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction , of fraud or deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Abuse and Neglect Sex Trafficking: An industry in which children are coerced, kidnapped, sold, or deceived into sexual encounters © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.5 Percentage of Child Abuse Victims by Race/Ethnicity © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 11.6 The Elements of Human Trafficking © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Elder Abuse Defined as the abuse of an elderly person that can include physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial or material exploitation, and neglect © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Explanations for Violence among Intimates Micro-Level Explanations The Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: A cycle of violence that is passed down to dependents Stress Explanation © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Explanations for Violence among Intimates Macro-Level Explanations Patriarchy Cultural Norms Support Violence Norms of Family Privacy A Synthesis: Power and Control © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.8 Power and Control Wheel © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.9 Power and Control Wheel in Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, and Bisexual (LGBT) Relationships © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Public’s Response Violence and the Law Domestic Violence Shelters Defined as a temporary safe house for a woman (with or without children) who is escaping an abusive relationship Treatment Programs for Abusers © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.