Union Advantages and Disadvantages  Population - 22 million  90% of industrial production was in the north (munitions factories)  Efficient railroad system  U.S. Navy  Disadvantages: North would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory)

Confederate Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages:  Superior military leadership  Defending is easier than attacking  Farmers fight better than factory workers  Profitable economy based agriculture Disadvantages:  Only 9 million people (3.5 million slaves)  Very little industry

 On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces opened fire on the Union forces holding Fort Sumter.  The following day, Union forces surrendered the fort and evacuated the next day.

 A defensive war of attrition is proposed by President Jefferson Davis.  He hoped to force the Union to spend resources until it became tired of fighting and agreed to negotiate

“Anaconda Plan”: proposed by General Winfield Scott 1. Blockade Southern ports on the Atlantic Isolate the south from European aide 2. Control the Mississippi River split the south in half capture Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans

 1st Bull Run(Manassas): Southern reinforcements led by Thomas Jackson rally the Confederate troops  Jackson receives the nickname “Stonewall” for his efforts  Citizens from Washington, D.C. picnicked, expecting to witness a swift Union victory

 Hampton Road: Confederacy hoped to break the Union blockade by covering a ship with iron-plating (Virginia)  North countered with their own, named the Monitor  Ships fought to a draw, but the Monitor’s presence kept the Virginia from breaking the blockade

 Union General Ulysses S. Grant seizes Fort Henry and then Fort Donelson, gaining control of the Tennessee River.

 Shiloh: Grant’s refusal to retreat leads to a Union victory  Grant comes under public scrutiny due to 20K soldiers killed or wounded  President Lincoln supports Grant commenting, “I can’t spare this man-he fights”

 George B. McClellan began his “Peninsula Campaign” by taking Yorktown  Seven Day’s Battle: series of attacks by Lee that inflicted heavy casualties to McClellan’s forces  2nd Bull Run: South forces a Union retreat, Lee and Davis decide to invade Maryland, hoping that a victory in the North will bring recognition from England

 Union forces attack a divided Confederate army  Bloodiest one-day battle of the war(6K killed and 16K wounded)  British decide not to recognize the Confederacy  Convinced President Lincoln to issue the “Emancipation Proclamation”  First major turning point of the war

 It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.  It did not free slaves in border states.

LLee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory JJuly 1-3, B ATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. CConfed. bombardment; Union held firm oon July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= " Pickett’s Charge ") LLee was defeated and retreated to Virginia GGettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. OOver 100,000 people died in 3 days  It was the last time the South invaded the North.

 that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR:  Creation of a single, unified country(Nationalism)  Abolition of slavery  Increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights  U.S. now an industrial nation  Western lands increasingly opened to settlement  South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...