Biomolecules- CARBOHYDRATES The Molecules of Cells

Molecular/atoms lowest level of organization  Entire organism  System  Organs  Tissue  Cells  Organelle  Molecules  Atoms

 Organic chemistry  Chemistry of Carbon  CHNOPS ◦ Carbon ◦ Hydrogen ◦ Nitrogen ◦ Oxygen ◦ Phosphorus ◦ Sulfur

Forms a bond with 4 other atoms in which electrons are shared forming a covalent compound C

All are polymers All are organic (C) compounds CCarbohydrates PProteins LLipids NNucleic Acids Differ in terms of composition and function

Chapter 3: Big Ideas Introduction to Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Monomers Monosaccharides (simple sugars) MONOSACCHARIDES (mono = one; saccharide = sugar): o Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) – found in plants and blood o Fructose - found in fruit DISACCHARIDES (di = two monosaccharides): o Lactose – sugar found in milk (glucose + galactose) POLYSACCHARIDES (poly = 3 or more monosaccharides)

Structure Carbohydrates ( many sugar molecules) – – ALL sugars end in -ose – Main source of energy (short term) – Gives structure – Made up of C, H, O – Ratio 1:2:1

Learning Check: What is the monomer for carb? Monosaccharides What process builds carbs? Dehydration Synthesis

Learning Check 2 saccharides joined together are called? Disaccharide 3 or more saccarides joined are called? polysaccharides

Learning Check Sugars end in what 3 letters? -ose What purpose do carbs serve? Main short term energy source What CHNOPS make up carbs? In what ratio? C, H, O, 1:2:1

Carbohydrates What do they have in common?

-OHSeveral OH (alcohol) groups This group LOVES water, Hydrophilic Polar and water soluble C=O C with a double bond to an oxygen Aldehyde or ketone Joins w/an –OH to form a cyclic structure The resulting C (C-1) has OH/H Position of OH determines further bonding Carbohydrates-Common Features All have C, H, O

Forms of Carbohydrates

Function ExamplesFunctions Glucose, Ribose, DeoxyriboseQuick energy Glycogen – stored in muscles and liver (it’s like an energy bar for animals) Glucose-made by photosynthesis/plants Starch – stored in plants (potatoe) Energy storage Chitin – Exoskeleton of insects Cellulose – cell wall of plants Structural

Production Glucose is produced in the chloroplasts of plants through photosynthesis Glucose is broken down in the mitochondria of living organisms through cellular respiration to make ATP (energy)

Learning Check Where is glucose made? Chloroplasts of plants What process makes glucose? Photosynthesis What organelle breaks it down? Mitochondria What process breaks it down? Cellular respiration

What do we eat to obtain sugars and carbs? Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes Any plant!

Where do we obtain carbs?

When sugars join together forming carbs water is lost When carbs are separated, water is added DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS HYDROLYSIS

Recap Structure – Made up of C, H, O – Ratio 1:2:1 – End in –ose – Main source of energy (short term) Monomer – Monosaccharide

Recap * Production – In the chloroplast of plants through photosynthesis – Broken down in the mitochondria of all living organisms through cellular respiration – We obtain them from eating PLANTS, main sources: Bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice.

Learning Check What do we eat to obtain Carbs? Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, PLANTS! Process to form carbs? Dehydration Synthesis Process to break carbs down? Hydrolysis