EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK: A GLOBAL FRAMING Jane Kalista INEE Global Consultation Istanbul, Turkey

Overview  Scope, nature, motives and impact of attacks  Normative instruments and global initiatives  Implications for action

The nature of attacks  Sophisticated military-style operations  Occupation of school buildings by armed groups  Bombings, remotely detonated explosions, sprayed gunfire  Targeted assassinations  Detention and torture  Maiming  Abduction and/or rape by military forces  Forced recruitment of child soldiers  Threats of violence

Possible motives  Preventing the functioning of particular schools or entire education systems  Spreading fear and instability  Preventing the education of particular groups  Weakening political opposition  Opposing state control  Reacting against politicized and/or unequal provision of education

Impact  Loss of life  Destruction and damage of buildings, materials and resources  Closure of schools and universities  Reduced attendance and enrolment  Absenteeism and flight of teachers, academics and administrators  Teacher shortages and difficulty in recruiting qualified replacements  Possible evacuation of humanitarian and development workers  Psychological distress and fear

Normative instruments  4th Geneva Convention (1949)  Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)  Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000)  African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999)  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)  Security Council Resolutions 1261 (1999), 1314 (2000), 1460 (2003), 1539 (2004), 1612 (2005)

Resolution 1612 (2005)  Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism (MRM) for 6 grave violations  Formal task forces active in 13 countries: DRC, Sudan, Burundi, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Somalia, Uganda, Chad, CAR, Afghanistan, Philippines, Colombia 

Possible actions to end impunity  Expand the grave violation and war crime of attacks on educational infrastructure  Encourage the Security Council to refer attacks to the International Criminal Court  Include conditions of adherence to international norms in trade deals, and fiscal and military aid  Build neutrality and protection of schools into peace agreements and their monitoring  Press for conformity of national laws of Member States with international legal standards

The way forward…  Work at national and international levels to end impunity and deter attacks  Strengthen response through knowledge-sharing and evidence-based practice and research  Prevent future attacks by better understanding root causes and directing funding, policy and programming accordingly