2008/11/08GPW20081 A Reproduction Experiment Concerning the Relation Between Perceptual Features and Memory in Shogi Reijer Grimbergen Department of Informatics Yamagata University

2008/11/08GPW20082 Outline Where do we want to go? A reproduction experiment in shogi Experimental results Conclusions and future work

2008/11/08GPW20083 Where do we want to go? Using Marvin Minsky’s Society of Mind theory for game playing What are the primitive agents? Input agents: perception of board and pieces Output agents: playing moves First step Studying perception to understand input agents

2008/11/08GPW20084 Hypotheses about perception Hypothesis 1: It is easier to perceive one’s own pieces than the pieces of the opponent

2008/11/08GPW20085 Hypotheses about perception Hypothesis 2: It is easier to perceive pieces in hand than pieces on the board

2008/11/08GPW20086 Hypotheses about perception Hypothesis 3: It is easier to perceive pieces that are promoted than pieces that are not promoted

2008/11/08GPW20087 Hypotheses about perception Hypothesis 4: Pieces closer to oneself are easier to perceive than pieces further away

2008/11/08GPW20088 Hypotheses about perception Hypothesis 5: Bigger pieces are easier to perceive than smaller pieces

2008/11/08GPW20089 Reproduction experiment Seven subjects Early twenties Only rudimentary knowledge of shogi Ten positions Each hypothesis tested by using two positions Perceptual features related to the other hypotheses identical Reproduction Each position was shown for 5 seconds Reproduce the position

2008/11/08GPW Reproduction experiment Hypothesis 1: It is easier to perceive one’s own pieces than the pieces of the opponent

2008/11/08GPW Results Hypothesis 1: It is easier to perceive one’s own pieces than the pieces of the opponent SubjectPosition 1Position 2 S1Opponent pieceOwn piece S2Own piece S3Own pieceOpponent piece S4Own pieceOpponent piece S5Opponent pieceOwn piece S6Own pieceOpponent piece S7Opponent pieceOwn piece

2008/11/08GPW Reproduction experiment Hypothesis 2: It is easier to perceive pieces in hand than pieces on the board

2008/11/08GPW Results Hypothesis 2: It is easier to perceive pieces in hand than pieces on the board SubjectPosition 3Position 4 S1Board piece S2Board piece S3Board piece S4Piece in handBoard piece S5Board piece S6Board piece S7Board piece

2008/11/08GPW Reproduction experiment Hypothesis 3: It is easier to perceive pieces that are promoted than pieces that are not promoted

2008/11/08GPW Results Hypothesis 3: It is easier to perceive pieces that are promoted than pieces that are not promoted SubjectPosition 5Position 6 S1Promoted piece S2Unpromoted piecePromoted piece S3Promoted pieceUnpromoted piece S4Promoted pieceUnpromoted piece S5Unpromoted piece S6Unpromoted piecePromoted piece S7Unpromoted piecePromoted piece

2008/11/08GPW Reproduction experiment Hypothesis 4: Pieces closer to oneself are easier to perceive than pieces further away

2008/11/08GPW Results Hypothesis 4: Pieces closer to oneself are easier to perceive than pieces further away SubjectPosition 7Position 8 S1Close piece S2Close piece S3Close piece S4Far piece S5Close pieceFar piece S6Close piece S7Far piece

2008/11/08GPW Reproduction experiment Hypothesis 5: Bigger pieces are easier to perceive than smaller pieces

2008/11/08GPW Results Hypothesis 5: Bigger pieces are easier to perceive than smaller pieces SubjectPosition 9Position 10 S1Bigger pieceSmaller piece S2Bigger pieceSmaller piece S3Smaller pieceBigger piece S4Smaller pieceBigger piece S5Bigger pieceSmaller piece S6Bigger pieceSmaller piece S7Bigger pieceSmaller piece

2008/11/08GPW Conclusions Hypothesis 1 and 3 must be discarded No evidence that one’s own pieces are easier to perceive than the pieces of the opponent No evidence that promoted pieces are easier to perceive than non-promoted pieces Hypothesis 2, 4 and 5 unclear Size, closeness and the difference between pieces in hand and on the board may be factors influencing perception

2008/11/08GPW Future Work Further investigate hypotheses Increase the number of subjects Primary assumption correct? Are pieces that are reproduced first really easier to remember? Build a working system