Earlier Explorations 1.A New Player  Europe Marco Polo, 1271 China: Kublai Khan China’s culture Exotic goods 2. Merchants

Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

PortugalPortugal 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, Cape of Good Hope 3.Vasco da Gama, Calicut (India)

Voyages Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Christofo Colon [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

Why Conquered 1.Weapons- Guns and cannons 2.Horses 3.Some Native Americans joined because they hated Aztecs 4.Disease 5.Searching for gold Ponce De Leon 1.Led to first Spanish settlement 2.Did not find gold

Spain’s American Empire Spain’s American Empire 1.Established settlements 2.Encomienda 1.Native American Slaves 3.Bartolome de Las Casa Freed Native American Slaves

French, Dutch, and English Exploration 1.Northwest Passage 2.John Cabot, Giovanni da Verrazano, Jaques Cartier, Henry Hudson 3.Found no path to Asia

Rivals 1.England and Spain 2.Attacks on Ports and ships Ended Spanish control of the seas

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Capitalism”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.

Rise of Modern Capitalism

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Treasures from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

FF

5. New Patterns of World Trade