Next Chapter 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and By 1700 all three were in decline. The Muslim World Expands,

Next Chapter 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Ottoman Empire: now modern Turkey, Iraq, and other places (Sunni Muslim); more tolerant Safavid: modern Iran (Shiite Muslim); not so tolerant, but not as bad as ISIS Mughal: modern Indian subcontinent (Muslim, Hindu); more tolerant

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Muslim World Expands, The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending The Mughal Empire in India SECTION 3 SECTION 2 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section-1

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section-1 Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors Many Turks lived in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam Continued…

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Osman Establishes a State From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans Power vacuum Initially he used fast horses and short bows Eventually the Ottomans used muskets and cannons Successors expand state through alliances

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Turks Move into Byzantium {continued} Osman Establishes a State Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—overlord or king Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Timur the Lame Halts Expansion Timur the Lame— Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad Slows Ottoman expansion

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 Why did he want Constantinople? Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, came to power He defeated Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa Conquered Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities Conquered Jerusalem

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Continued…

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Suleyman the Lawgiver {continued} Highly Structured Social Organization Suleyman creates law code, simplifies taxation Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Cultural Flowering Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall Suleyman kills one son and exiles another Third son inherits throne but rules weakly Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Safavid Empire produced a rich and complex blended culture in Persia. Cultural Blending Section-2 CASE STUDY: The Safivid Empire

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Cultural Blending Section-2 Patterns of Cultural Blending Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Causes of Cultural Blending Migration conquest Trade Religion food

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins Begins as religious order named for founder Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Isma’il Conquers Persia (modern Iran) Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 Takes title of shah—king Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis Son greatly expands empire

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587 Reforms Helps create a thriving Safavid culture Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade A New Capital Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most beautiful cities

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Carpets Carpet weaving becomes national industry

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans the empire falls apart in 1747

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-3 The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire. The Mughal Empire in India

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-3 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals Mongol Invaders Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India Conflict Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms Delhi Sultanate Sultans rule from Delhi between 13 th and 16 th centuries Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11 Is dethroned and driven south into India Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605 A Nice Ruler Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die A Military Conqueror Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers Continued…

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction 3 Akbar’s Golden Age {continued} A Flowering of Culture Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Akbar’s Successors Sikhs: nonviolent religious group Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Akbar’s Successors {continued} Shah Jahan Shah Jahan—marries Persian princess His wife dies while giving birth to her 14 th child in 1631 Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Akbar’s Successors {continued} The People Suffer People suffer paying for wars and monuments Aurangzeb’s Reign…he was mean Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus Caused rebellion to his rule Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 2 Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Empire’s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles Weak rulers and too much money on war. Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states European traders gain key ports British colonize India