How do two year olds develop emotions, self-awareness, temperament, & social bonds?

 Newborns = two emotions ◦ Distress & contentment  Happiness = Social smile ◦ Occurs when seeing a face  Anger = frustration  Sadness = withdrawal & stress  Social fear ◦ Stranger wariness ◦ Separation anxiety  These changes gradually develop during the first year.

 I am separate from others  Mirror rouge test  Me & mine  Generally develops during the second year

 Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops  Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions ◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Amygdala

 Temperament = Genetic predispositions ◦ Shyness & aggression ◦ Whether these are expressed is based on experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc. ◦ Harsh parenting combined with a negative temperament can create antisocial, destructive children.  Personality traits = Learned ◦ Honesty and humility  Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.

 What emotions develop over the first year?  How can you tell when a child develops self-awareness?  What causes emotions to become more complex?  What parts of the brain are related to emotions?  What type of parenting creates antisocial, destructive children?

 Psychoanalytic ◦ Freud ◦ Erikson  Behaviorism  Cognitive  Sociocultural

 Freud  Oral stage (1 st. Yr.) ◦ E.g. Breast-feeding ◦ Oral fixation  E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating  Anal (2 nd. Yr.) ◦ Bowels ◦ Self-controlled  Anal personality ◦ Most people disagree with this idea ◦ Toilet training – Later age = less time

 Trust vs. mistrust  Autonomy (independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt

 Emotions & personality ◦ Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents  Social learning ◦ Albert Bandura ◦ Bobo doll experiment ◦ Children express emotions they see others do

 During what period of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory does toilet training occur?  If a child toilet trains later, will it take longer to accomplish?  What question must a child resolve in Erikson’s first stage?  What do the behaviorists assume creates a personality?  What does social learning theory assume creates emotions?

 Working models ◦ A set of assumptions that children use as a frame of reference ◦ People are warm & friendly ◦ People can never be trusted  Interpretation of experiences is most crucial

 Culture is most important  Proximal (close) parenting ◦ Much body contact ◦ Children become  More compliant  Less independent  More separation & stranger anxiety  Distal (far) parenting ◦ Less body contact ◦ Children become  Less obedient  More independent  Less separation & stranger anxiety

 Attachment ◦ Proximity-seeking  Following caregivers ◦ Contact maintaining  Touching, snuggling, holding  Social referencing ◦ Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation  E.g. eating new foods  Crossing the street

 Give an example of a working model a child might develop?  What is the difference between proximal and distal parenting? ◦ Which method would you use, and why? ◦ Give an example of social referencing a child might use?