Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 1 Hour Exam 3 Monday, April. 18 (one week from today!) –Lectures 14 – 21 –Homework through HW 11 –Discussions through Disc 11 Review session –Sunday, Apr. 17, 3pm, 141 Loomis –Will cover Fall ‘10 exam 3 Sign up for conflict exam by Thursday

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 2 Quantum Mechanics: Blackbody Radiation, Photoelectric Effect, Wave-Particle Duality Physics 102: Lecture 22

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 3 State of Late 19 th Century Physics Two great theories –Newton’s laws of mechanics, including gravity –Maxwell’s theory of electricity & magnetism, including propagation of electromagnetic waves But…some unsettling experimental results calls into question these theories –Einstein and relativity –The quantum revolution Lecture 28 Lectures “Classical physics”

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 4 Quantum Mechanics! At very small sizes the world is VERY different! –Energy is discrete, not continuous. –Everything is probability; nothing is for certain. –Particles often seem to be in two places at same time. –Looking at something changes how it behaves.

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 5 Three Early Indications of Problems with Classical Physics Blackbody radiation Photoelectric effect Wave-particle duality

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 6 Hot objects glow (toaster coils, light bulbs, the sun). As the temperature increases the color shifts from Red (700 nm) to Blue (400 nm) The classical physics prediction was completely wrong! (It said that an infinite amount of energy should be radiated by an object at finite temperature) Blackbody Radiation

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 7 Blackbody Radiation Spectrum Visible Light: ~0.4  m to 0.7  m Higher temperature: peak intensity at shorter Wien’s Displacement Law: max T = 2.898x10 -3 m·K

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 8 Blackbody Radiation: First evidence for Q.M. Max Planck found he could explain these curves if he assumed that electromagnetic energy was radiated in discrete chunks, rather than continuously. The “quanta” of electromagnetic energy is called the photon. Energy carried by a single photon is E = hf = hc/ Planck’s constant: h = x Joule sec

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 9 Preflights 22.1, 22.3 A series of light bulbs are colored red, yellow, and blue. Which bulb emits photons with the most energy? The least energy? Which is hotter? (1) stove burner glowing red (2) stove burner glowing orange Blue! Lowest wavelength is highest energy. E = hf = hc/ Red! Highest wavelength is lowest energy. Hotter stove emits higher-energy photons (lower wavelength = orange) 80% correct!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 10 Nobel Trivia For which work did Einstein receive the Nobel Prize? 1) Special RelativityE=mc 2 2) General Relativity Gravity bends Light 3) Photoelectric Effect Photons 4) Einstein didn’t receive a Nobel prize.

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 11 Photoelectric Effect Light shining on a metal can “knock” electrons out of atoms. Light must provide energy to overcome Coulomb attraction of electron to nucleus Light Intensity gives power/area (i.e. Watts/m 2 ) –Recall: Power = Energy/time (i.e. Joules/sec.) metal light e–e–

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 12 Photoelectric Effect: Light Intensity What happens to the rate electrons are emitted when increase the brightness? What happens to max kinetic energy when increase brightness? Rate increases Nothing metal light e–e–

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 13 Photoelectric Effect: Light Frequency What happens to rate electrons are emitted when increase the frequency of the light? What happens to max kinetic energy when increase the frequency of the light? Increases Nothing, but goes to 0 for f < f min metal e–e– light No e – e–e–

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 14 Photoelectric Effect Summary Each metal has “Work Function” (W 0 ) which is the minimum energy needed to free electron from atom. Light comes in packets called Photons E = h f h = x Joule sec Maximum kinetic energy of released electrons K.E. = hf – W 0 hf W0W0 KE e–e–

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 15 ACT: Photon A red and green laser are each rated at 2.5mW. Which one produces more photons/second? 1) Red2) Green3) Same Red light has less energy/photon so if they both have the same total power, red has to have more photons/time!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 16 Quantum Physics and the Wave- Particle Duality I. Is Light a Wave or a Particle? Wave –Electric and Magnetic fields act like waves –Superposition: Interference and Diffraction Particle –Photons (blackbody radiation) –Collision with electrons in photo-electric effect BOTH Particle AND Wave

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 17 II. Are Electrons Particles or Waves? Particles, definitely particles. You can “see them”. You can “bounce” things off them. You can put them on an electroscope. How would know if electron was a wave? Look for interference!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 18 Young’s Double Slit w/ electron Screen a distance L from slits Source of monoenergetic electrons d 2 slits- separated by d L Jönsson – 1961

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 19 Electrons are Waves? Electrons produce interference pattern just like light waves. –Need electrons to go through both slits. –What if we send 1 electron at a time? –Does a single electron go through both slits?

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 20 Young’s Double Slit w/ electron Source of monoenergetic electrons d L Merli – 1974 Tonomura – 1989 Same pattern for photons One electron at a time Interference pattern = probability

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 21 ACT: Electrons are Particles If we shine a bright light, we can ‘see’ which hole the electron goes through. Does the electron pass through... (1) Both Slits(2) Only 1 Slit But now the interference is gone!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 22 Electrons are Particles and Waves! Depending on the experiment electron can behave like –wave (interference) –particle (localized mass and charge) If we don’t look, electron goes through both slits. If we do look it chooses 1. I’m not kidding it’s true!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 23 Schrödinger's Cat Place cat in box with some poison. If we don’t look at the cat it will be both dead and alive! Poison

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 24 More Nobel Prizes! 1906 J.J. Thompson –Showing cathode rays are particles (electrons) G.P. Thompson (JJ’s son) –Showed electrons are really waves. Both were right!

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 25 Quantum Summary Particles act as waves and waves act as particles Physics is NOT deterministic Observations affect the experiment

Physics 102: Lecture 22, Slide 26 See you Wednesday!