Different types of aid, including: o Emergency/humanitarian aid o Bilateral o Multilateral o Non-government aid and how they are used to achieve global health and sustainable human development

VCAA Clarifications regarding the term health and how it applies to the concepts of global health and sustainable human development The following clarification has been provided in response to queries about how the term health applies to the concepts of global health and sustainable human development

The term global health extends beyond the individual and is concerned about health of populations. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieve equality for all people world –wide. It involves a co-ordinated action from governments and non- government organisations to improve the health at the global level. Global health issues that contribute to global mortality and morbidity include: Mental health issues; obesity; TB; HIV/AIDS; malaria; measles; diarrhoea; malnutrition; CVD; diabetes etc.

Health is linked to the concept of sustainable human development, however this is different from global health as it takes into account either the dimensions of health at an individual level (physical, mental and social dimensions of health) or measures of health status ( for example mortality or morbidity rates). For example: When people are healthy, they are more able to attend school, work and earn an income which gives them greater choices and control over their lives and therefore contributes to human development. OR Alternatively, if people can access education they would have greater choices in employment and a greater capacity to earn an income, which means they are able to feed their families which could reduce under-five mortality rate.

The concepts of global health and health as a part of sustainable human development represent different perspectives of health. For assessment purposes, if asked to discuss global health and sustainable human development together, students should refer to health of both populations (global) and individual levels (types – physical, social, mental).

PROGRAM: Food Security Seeds of Life is helping to improve yields of sweet potato in Viqueque district. Seeds of Life, aims to improve food security and reduce hunger in Timor-Leste. Through the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and the Timor-Leste government researchers have produced better yielding (producing) seeds for a variety of crops including rice, maize, sweet potato, cassava and peanuts. Farmers will be able to grow more and better crops to support their families and improve their nutrition thanks to access to better seeds. Farmers will also be able to earn cash income by selling some of their crops.  The focus of the current phase is community seed producer groups, who are planting and distributing seed. Many are women-only groups.  These varieties give yields that are between 20 and 80 per cent better than existing varieties for most crops, with gains in yield of up to 140 per cent for sweet potato.  With increased yields farmers are often able to sell some of the surplus and use the money to buy other food and improve family nutrition. Explain how the Seeds of Life program achieves global health.

1. What is the global health issue addressed in the program? 2. Explain the collaborative approach – between whom and how are they doing it?? 3. Is it achieving equity for health world-wide? 4. What is the end result globally?

Explain how the Seeds of Life program achieves global health. The seeds of life program addresses the global health issue of hunger and malnutrition. Through an international collaborative approach (the Australian government and the people of Timor-Leste) farmers are able to increase their crop production (yields). People in Timor-Leste have access to food all the year round and equity for all people world-wide is achieved by reducing malnutrition and hunger. 1. What is the global health issue addressed in the program? 2. Explain the collaborative approach – between whom and how are they doing it?? 3. Is it achieving equity for health world-wide? 4. What is the end result globally?

The goal of sustainable human development is to improve living standards and the quality of people’s lives, both now and in the future

Explain how the Seeds of Life program promotes sustainable human development The Seeds of Life program promotes physical health as access to food reduces hunger and malnutrition. Farmers will feel better about themselves as they can produce more food and support their family promoting mental health. Access to food enables people in T- L to lead long healthy lives. Women are involved in the planning and distribution of the seeds enabling them to participate in the life of their community and farmers are able to earn an income that expands their choices and capabilities. By selling surplus crops and earning and income economic sustainability is ensured and using the extra money to buy food to improve family nutrition ensures social sustainability. The knowledge and farming practises of using better yielding seeds can be passed down through generations promoting sustainability.

Explain how the Seeds of Life program is used to achieve global health and sustainable human development The Seeds of Life program addresses the global health issue of hunger and malnutrition. Through an international co-ordinated appraoch with the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and the Timor-Leste government farmers have been able to increase their food production through the use of better yielding seeds. The people of T-L have access to food all year round reducing the number of people suffering malnutrition and therefore contributing to the reduction in the global rates of hunger and malnutrition. Through this program farmers are able to provide for their family promoting their mental health and the physical health of the people is improved as they no longer suffer from malnutrition. This enables them lead long healthy lives in accord with their needs and interests. The knowledge and farming practises of using better yielding seeds can be passed down through generations promoting sustainability.

PROGRAM: “One Net at a Time – Malaria” Malaria is a risk to almost the entire population of Timor-Leste. Fortunately infection rates and malaria-related deaths are in decline, due to targeted public health campaigns from Timorese and international agencies. HealthNet works with the Timorese Ministry of Health to run monthly clinics in remote communities. Its malaria prevention program targets communities in Dili, Manatuto and Lospalos, helping people to understand how the disease is transmitted, the symptoms and where to get treatment. It also distributes insecticide-treated mosquito nets to pregnant women and children. 'I work with communities to understand why malaria is transmitted, its symptoms, the necessity of seeking treatment without delay, and the necessity of obtaining a prescription and completing a full course of drugs”.

Explain how the “One Net at a Time” Malaria program achieves global health. The One Net at a Time Malaria program addresses the global health issue of malaria. Through an international collaborative approach with international agencies and Timorese government people are able to protect themselves against malaria. Being issued with insecticide treated nets people are protected from the parasite being transferred from mosquito to human. This reduces the number of people contracting malaria on a global scale and achieves equity in health for all.

Explain how the “One Net at a Time – Malaria” program promotes sustainable human development The One Net at a Time malaria program promotes the physical health of people as they are free of malaria and also their mental health as they are able to live without fear and the stress of contracting malaria. Children who are free of malaria are able to attend school and parents are well enough to gain fulltime productive employment. This enables present and future generations to earn an income and provide for their families thus improving their standard of living and enhancing their capabilities. Accessing education and earning an income ensures both social and economic sustainability. People who are employed and earning an income are able to develop to their full potential and lead creative productive lives in accord with their needs and interests.

Earthquake Tsunami Famine Conflict Flood

● Provided to meet the immediate needs of those affected by some sort of crisis or as a result of conflict. ● Its aim is to save lives – responds quickly and effectively to address the needs of the affected community ● It is given in the short term – Ie. It is not sustainable ● Types of emergency aid includes – provision of food, medicines, shelter, health workers, doctors, emergency workers

Emergency aid – African famine

● Provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country ● The donating country ensures (through consultation with receiving country) that the aid/programs meets the needs of the country and its people ● Sometimes this type of aid favours the donating country ● The donating country may provide money, experts, staff, equipment, supplies ● Examples of bilateral aid are – immunisation programs to large scale water treatment plants ● Australia gives 50.8% of its bilateral aid to our Pacific neighbours and only 3% to Africa.

Example of bilateral aid

sustainable human development How does bilateral aid achieve sustainable human development global health How does bilateral aid achieve global health 1. Briefly describe bilateral aid Bilateral aid (ODA) is aid given by one country’s government to another that addresses the immediate needs of the people of that country 2. State an example of bilateral aid For example an immunisation program. The immunisation program addresses health and improves health status It addresses many aspects of human development It is sustainable as it meets the needs of the present and future generations 1.Briefly describe bilateral aid Bilateral aid; aid given by one country’s government to another is an international collaborative approach with the aim of achieving equality for all world-wide. For example an immunisation program provided by the Australian Government addresses the health of the whole population and contributes to improving health on the global level.

$$$$ Aid from Australia is distributed through international agencies with the aim of reducing poverty

Aid that is provided by an international organisation such as the World Bank, United Nations World Food Program, Red Cross, WHO. Multinational aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients.

● The aim of multilateral aid is to reduce poverty ● Australia supports multilateral agencies engaged in poverty reduction and sustainable development to complement and reinforce its bilateral aid ● They are usually large-scale projects – building roads, control of disease ● This type of aid has the potential to reach many people as these international agencies are very active around the world ● Australia’s aid - Asia-Pacific region

Non-government aid Non-Government Organisations take different approaches to aid, which include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development. The aid provided by NGOs often focuses on communities.

Non-government aid Is a type of non-profit organisation that works to promote health status and human development while operating separately from the national government. The aid of NGOs is usually focused on meeting basic health needs, community development and participation, and emergency or humanitarian assistance. One of the largest NGOs is the International Red Cross, which provides health care and disaster relief worldwide. It usually provides aid directly to people running development projects and helps in areas where bilateral aid does not reach. Other NGOs include World Vision, Care Australia and Oxfam.

sustainablehuman development How does multilateral aid achieve sustainable human development global health How does multilateral aid achieve global health 1. Briefly describe multilateral aid Multilateral aid (ODA) is aid provided by many countries that is distributed through international agencies such as the United Nations. The aim of M-LA is to reduce poverty 2. State an example of multilateral aid For example the UN World Food Program. Provides meals for children attending school The School Meals Program addresses health and improves health status It addresses many aspects of human development - It is sustainable as it meets the needs of the present and future generations 1.Briefly describe multilateral aid Multilateral aid; aid provided by many countries that is distributed through international agencies such as the United Nations is a collaborative approach with the aim of reducing poverty and achieving equality for all world- wide. For example the UN World Food Program, School Meals Program provides meals for children at school. This addresses the issue of hunger of the whole population within a country and contributes to improving health on the global level.

human development How does non-government aid achieve sustainable human development global health How does non-government achieve global health 1. Briefly describe non-government aid Non-government organisations work separately from governments to provide aid (ODA) 2. State an example of non-government aid For example, a NGO providing resources and money to build a well in a village so people can have access to clean water. Access to clean water addresses health and improves health status It addresses many aspects of human development - It is sustainable as the well meets the needs of the present and is available for future generations to use 1.Briefly describe non-government aid Non-government organisations work separately from governments to provide aid. It is a collaborative approach between the NGO and the community within a country with the aim of achieving equality for all world- wide. For example a NGO providing resources and money to build a well in a village so people can have access to clean water. This program addresses the health of the whole population and contributes to improving health on the global level.