Chapter 8 Emotions and Moods Story of Terry & Larry Oracle vs. Ingres (startup!) vs. Private Equity … Organization culture-

Emotions Were Ignored in OB The “myth of rationality” Organizations are emotion-free? Emotions are disruptive to organizations? OB in the past focus was solely on the effects of strong negative emotions that interfered with individual and organizational efficiency.

Affect A broad range of emotions that people experience. What Are Emotions? Affect A broad range of emotions that people experience. Emotions Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Moods Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.

Individual and Mutual Influences Event Attribution In Emotions Vs. Mood Reactions

Emotion Dimensions Biology of emotions Intensity of emotions Anger Fear Sadness Happiness Disgust Surprise Envy, Embarrassment, Hate, Hope, Pride, Love Biology of emotions Originate in brain’s limbic system Intensity of emotions Personality Job Requirements Frequency and duration of emotions How often emotions are exhibited How long emotions are displayed Functions of emotions Critical for rational thinking Motivate people 6 Universal Em. Facial Expression

Mood as Positive and Negative Affect Being Neutral Perception > Behavior

Functions of Emotions “You are just being emotional! ” Mr. Gage Accident Cognitive ability Loss of Emotions Irrational Decisions Other brain injuries Computers vs. humans Fear Vs. Motivation Disgust Vs. Health Anger Vs. Rights Good decision making Thinking & Feeling

Sources Of Emotions And Moods Personality Day and Time of the Week Weather Stress Social Activities Sleep Exercise Age Gender Personality Trait component Affect intensity How strongly you experience emotions

Positive Moods are Highest At the End of the Week In the Middle Part of the Day

Negative Moods are Highest At the Beginning of the Week And, show little variation throughout the day Good time for bad new! Monday morning?

Weather Stress Social Activities Not really! Illusory correlation Associate events with no connections Stress Fear vs. Exam Social Activities Increase positive experience Reciprocal relationship

Sleep Exercise Age Fatigue, anger and hostility Decision making, controlling emotions Exercise Depressed! Limited improvement Age With age Negative emotions occurs less Positive moods stay longer, Negative moods fade quicker

Gender and Emotions Socializing Women Can show greater emotional expression. Experience emotions more intensely. Display emotions more frequently. Are more comfortable in expressing emotions. Are better at reading others’ emotions. Men Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image. Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions. Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive emotions. Socializing

External Constraints on Emotions Organizational Influences Cultural Influences Individual Emotions

Emotional Labor Funeral A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Doctors

Felt versus Displayed Emotions Felt Emotions An individual’s actual emotions. Displayed Emotions Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. Emotional Dissonance Projection Vs. Feeling

Surface acting Vs. Deep acting Hiding inner feelings Forgoing emotional expression (display) Deep acting Trying to modify true inner feeling (display rules)

Internals (Internal locus of control) Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them. Note: Higher emotional labor = more highly paid jobs (with high cognitive requirements)

Affective Events Theory (AET) Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work environment event. Personality and mood determine the intensity of the emotional response. Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance and job satisfaction variables. Implications of the theory Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles. Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction. Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction and performance. Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers and reduce job performance. Hassles Uplifting

Affective Events Theory (AET)

Emotional Intelligence Self-awareness (know how you feel) Self-management (manage your emotions and impulses) Self-motivation (can motivate yourself & persist) Empathy (sense & understand what others feel) Social Skills (can handle the emotions of others) Research Findings: High EI scores, not high IQ scores, characterize high performers.

OB Applications of Emotions Emotions and Selection Emotions affect employee effectiveness Social Interaction Decision Making Emotions are an important part of the decision-making process in organizations. Best solution Creativity Positive mood increases creativity

OB Applications of Emotions … Motivation Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked. Leadership Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders. Interpersonal Conflict Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined. Negotiation Emotions can impair negotiations.

OB Applications of Emotions … Customer Services Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships. Job Attitudes Can carry over to home

OB Applications of Emotions … Deviant Workplace Behaviors Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization). Productivity failures Property theft and destruction Political actions Personal aggression Envy Better work, larger office, … Hostility, backstabbing

Chapter Check-Up: Emotions and Moods Abdur Rahim has a high need for achievement and likes to come to work and focus on her job only. If you were Abdur Rahim ’s manager, how could you get him to feel more emotion at work? Would you want him to? Why or why not?

Chapter Check-Up: Emotions and Moods Sabrina comes to class and sits quietly looking content and relaxed. The teacher is guessing that Sabrina is Low on negative affect High on positive affect High on negative affect Low on positive affect

Chapter Check-Up: Emotions and Moods Do you think there could be emotional and mood implications for telecommuting? If yes, how so? Discuss. Hint: Consider this woman! Why might she NOT always feel this way?