Bell Ringer 3/26/15 Think of ways that people can protest without resorting to violence. What advantages do these tactics have?

Chapter 19; Section 1 Leaders and Strategies The Civil Rights Movement

interracial Between, among, or involving people of different races

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Organization founded in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Civil rights organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders

Nonviolent protest Form of protest in which protesters do not resist or fight back when attacked

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Student civil rights organization founded in 1960

Main Idea The civil rights movement of the 1960s consisted of many separate groups, whose leaders and methods differed while sharing the same goal of securing equal rights for all Americans.

The civil rights movement spread nationwide in the 1960s, but the struggle had been going on for decades. WWII brought to light the racism that existed in the U.S. During the postwar period, several events occurred that set the stage for the civil rights battles of the 1960s. (Ch. 17)

NAACP  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -Oldest civil rights organization -interracial (African Americans and white Americans) as members -founded in 1909

 Focused on challenging the laws that prevented African Americans from having full rights as citizens -Worked for new laws and brought lawsuits -Tried to get anti-lynching laws passed (refused by Senate) -Won cases for housing, education and school desegregation ex. Brown v. Board of Ed.

Q: What was the goal of the NAACP? To secure legal equality

Q: What approach did the NAACP take toward ending discrimination? It challenged unfair laws and strove to get new legislation passed

 first African American to receive a doctoral degree from Harvard University  Edited NAACP magazine, Crisis  Director of publicity and research W.E.B. Dubois

National Urban League  Focused on economic issues of African Americans -founded in Helped find housing and taught job skills

CORE  Congress of Racial Equality -founded in 1942 by pacifists -Dedicated to bringing change through peaceful confrontation -interracial group of members

C.O.R.E Marching in Washington, D.C.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)  Focused on civil rights in the south -organized in based on nonviolent protest; a peaceful way of protesting against policies -southern church leaders, included MLK, Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. 4:39

Martin Luther King, Jr.  Baptist preacher  born in Atlanta, GA 1929  civil rights leader  symbol of nonviolent protest  married to Coretta Scott King

Q: How did King move to the forefront of the civil rights movement? By founding SCLC, instituting nonviolent means of protest and leading the Montgomery bus boycott

On the night of April 26, 1960, burning crosses—the symbol of the KKK— appeared in the front yards of many African American residents of Atlanta. Here you can see Martin Luther King, Jr. calmly removing a cross from his lawn as his young son looks on.

Martin Luther King, Jr., cont.  influenced by Gandhi  led city-wide bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama  awarded Nobel Peace Price 1964  attacked physically/verbally  assassinated in Tennessee in James Earl Ray convicted; sentenced to 99 years in prison; died in prison 1998

Nonviolent Protest 4 minutes

Q: Read the two viewpoints on p How do these two speeches, made about one month apart, reflect the division in the country? Kennedy expresses frustration at the slow course of change in the area of school integration; Wallace symbolizes the opposition in the south

“To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor.” Martin Luther King, Jr.

SNCC Breaks Away  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (“snick”)  originally part of SCLC  began in 1960  gave young activists a chance to make decisions about priorities and tactics  shifted focus away from church leaders

Police arrest SNCC member Eddie Brown at a 1962 protest in Albany, GA. Q:How do Brown’s actions reflect the philosophy of nonviolent protest? A: He remains nonviolent even when police officers are carrying him away.

SNCC, cont.  Robert Moses -most influential leader -soft-spoken -loved and trusted

SNCC, cont.  Anne Moody -her family feared for their safety due to her participating in NAACP, CORE and SNCC -sacrificed her safety for her beliefs

Civil Rights Organization Goals/Characteristics NAACP Interracial organization with W.E.B. Dubois as a founding member; worked primarily for full legal equality and for the removal of voting barriers appealed to upper middle class Americans. National Urban League Helped African Americans find homes and jobs in cities; encouraged businesses and unions to teach African Americans skills. CORE interracial organization; main tactic was peaceful confrontation; headed by James Farmer. SCLC Organization of clergymen founded by Martin Luther King, Jr.; introduced concept of nonviolent protest ; shifted focus of movement to South.

Q: Why was the SNCC founded? Impatient for change, young NAACP members founded their own activist group.

Q: In what important ways did SNCC and its goals differ from the SCLC? SNCC was made up of young people and was much more radical than the SCLC.

Q: How might you explain the long gap in time between the founding of the NAACP and the start of CORE and SCLC? It is possible that the NAACP was not meeting the needs of poor migrant workers and farmers.