マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening 2 TOEFL Summer Camp 2015

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Detail Questions The detail type of listening question asks you to identify factual information that is stated directly in the passage. Usually the information is given to support or expand or provide an example related to the main idea. This type of question is when you'll be glad you took notes! Sample prompts for this kind of question:  According to the professor, what is Jazz music (DETAIL)?  What is one way that greenhouse gases (DETAIL) can affect temperature?  According to the professor, how does Photosynthesis (DETAIL) work ? 2

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Necessary Skills – Detail Questions Taking notes of major points and important details of a lecture or conversation Listening for signal expressions that identify details, such as the following: for example, the reason is, on the other hand, I would say Eliminating incorrect answer choices Identifying a statement that is not mentioned 3

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Example Questions According to the lecture, what is ______ ? According to the lecture, which of the following is true? What does the speaker say about ? What connection does the speaker make between _____ and ? What does the professor suggest the student do? Which of the following is true of ______ ? What advice does the professor give to the student about ______ ? According to the discussion, how did ______ ? According to the speaker, why do ______ ? According to the conversation, why must the student ______ ? According to the speaker, who were ______ ? According to the lecture, what kinds of ______ ? Choose 2 answers. 4

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Strategies Since answers to questions are generally found in order in the passage, it is helpful to take notes in the order of what you hear. Detail questions do not require inference. Choose what speakers actually say. In a lecture, detail questions are about information related to the following: new facts, descriptions, definitions of terms/concepts/ideas, reasons, results, and examples. Incorrect choices may repeat some of the speakers' words but do not reflect correct information from the lecture or conversation. 5

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Practice 1 Now you are given 10 minutes to answer Practice 1. Let’s begin. 6

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Questions 1. What is one characteristic of the planet Mercury? – (A) It is filled with greenhouse gases. – (B) It has extreme temperatures of hot and cold. – (C) It is the hottest planet in the solar system. – (D) It has an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. 2. What does the thick cloud of sulfur dioxide around Venus do? – (A) It keeps heat from escaping. – (B) It reflects lots of sunlight. – (C) It absorbs surface water. – (D) It makes up most of Venus' atmosphere. 3. Why is Venus so hot? – (A) It has lots of volcanic activity on its surface. – (B) Its has no vegetation to regulate temperature. – (C) It contains a large amount of greenhouse gases. – (D) Its atmosphere keeps sunlight from escaping. 7

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s listen again 8

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (1) Did you know that Venus is hotter than Mercury? This seems strange because Venus is nearly twice the distance from the sun as Mercury is. But in fact, the temperature of Venus is over 460 degrees Celsius, whereas Mercury ranges between 420 and minus 220 degrees! I'll explain how this is possible. 9

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage(2) While Mercury has no atmosphere... and this is important... Venus has a thick atmosphere. It consists of carbon dioxide and thick clouds of sulfur dioxide. This combination creates the strongest greenhouse gases in our solar system. Interestingly, the sulfur dioxide reflects 60% of the Sun's rays away from the planet. This prevents Venus from being lit with much sunlight. However, um, 96.5% of its atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide, which traps the sun's heat between the atmosphere and the planet's surface. This is what makes the planet so hot. 10

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage(3) Venus used to be similar to Earth, but all its water evaporated. This helped in creating the high amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If the carbon dioxide were removed from Venus's atmosphere, then it would have similar temperatures to that of Earth. 11

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Sample answer for Diagram 12

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening Questions 1 1. What is one characteristic of the planet Mercury? – (A) It is filled with greenhouse gases. – (B) It has extreme temperatures of hot and cold. – (C) It is the hottest planet in the solar system. – (D) It has an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. 13

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening Questions 2 2. What does the thick cloud of sulfur dioxide around Venus do? – (A) It keeps heat from escaping. – (B) It reflects lots of sunlight. – (C) It absorbs surface water. – (D) It makes up most of Venus' atmosphere. 14

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening Questions 3 3. Why is Venus so hot? – (A) It has lots of volcanic activity on its surface. – (B) Its has no vegetation to regulate temperature. – (C) It contains a large amount of greenhouse gases. – (D) Its atmosphere keeps sunlight from escaping. 15

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary A professor explains to his astronomy class why Venus is hotter than Mercury. Venus is twice the ______ from the sun than Mercury is, yet it is much hotter. This is because Venus has a thick _______ while Mercury has none. The sun's heat is thus trapped on the _____ of the planet by carbon dioxide gas. Venus used to contain water like Earth, but it ______ long ago. This helped create a lot of ______ which trap heat. 16

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary 17

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 1.What is the temperature of Venus? (A)640 degrees (B) 540 degrees (C) 760 degrees (D) 460 degrees 2. What is the temperature range of Mercury? (A)420 to -220 (B) 320 to -200 (C) 220 to -180 (D) 120 to How does the lecturer describe Venus’s atmosphere? (A) As thin (B) As thick (C) As poisonous (D) As cold 4. Venus’s atmosphere is made up of primarily? (A) Carbon dioxide and oxygen nitrate (B) Carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide (C) Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide (D) Carbon and methane dioxide

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 1.What is the temperature of Venus? (A)640 degrees (B) 540 degrees (C) 760 degrees (D) 460 degrees 2. What is the temperature range of Mercury? (A)420 to -220 (B) 320 to -200 (C) 220 to -180 (D) 120 to How does the lecturer describe Venus’s atmosphere? (A) As thin (B) As thick (C) As poisonous (D) As cold 4. Venus’s atmosphere is made up of primarily? (A) Carbon dioxide and oxygen nitrate (B) Carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide (C) Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide (D) Carbon and methane dioxide

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 5. sulfur dioxide reflects how much percent of the Sun's rays away from the planet Venus? (A)40% (B) 50% (C) 60% (D) 70% % of Venus’s atmosphere is made of which substance? (A)Sulfur dioxide (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Methane dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide Venus used to be similar to which planet? (A) Mercury (B) Earth (C) Mars (D) Jupiter 8.Why is Venus no longer similar to this planet? (A) It’s atmosphere exploded (B) It’s rock hardened (C) The sun became hotter (D) It’s water evaporated

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 5. sulfur dioxide reflects how much percent of the Sun's rays away from the planet Venus? (A)40% (B) 50% (C) 60% (D) 70% % of Venus’s atmosphere is made of which substance? (A)Sulfur dioxide (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Methane dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide Venus used to be similar to which planet? (A) Mercury (B) Earth (C) Mars (D) Jupiter 8.Why is Venus no longer similar to this planet? (A) It’s atmosphere exploded (B) It’s rock hardened (C) The sun became hotter (D) It’s water evaporated

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 9. How much further away from the sun is Venus in relation to Mercury? (A)5 times further (B) 4 times further (C) 3 times further (D) 2 times further 10.What gas is responsible for making Venus so hot? (A)Sulfur dioxide (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Methane dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide What is the lecture primarily about? (A) A comparison of the temperatures of planets in our solar system (B) The dangers of greenhouse gases (C) A review of the different gases, which make up Venus’s atmosphere (D) The reasons why Venus is hotter than Mercury. 12. What would happen if carbon dioxide were removed from Venus's atmosphere? (A) It would have similar temperatures to earth (B) The planet would freeze (C) The planet would have extreme temperature variations (D) It would make little difference to its core temperature

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 9. How much further away from the sun is Venus in relation to Mercury? (A)5 times further (B) 4 times further (C) 3 times further (D) 2 times further 10.What gas is responsible for making Venus so hot? (A)Sulfur dioxide (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Methane dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide What is the lecture primarily about? (A) A comparison of the temperatures of planets in our solar system (B) The dangers of greenhouse gases (C) A review of the different gases, which make up Venus’s atmosphere (D) The reasons why Venus is hotter than Mercury 12. What would happen if carbon dioxide were removed from Venus's atmosphere? (A) It would have similar temperatures to earth (B) The planet would freeze (C) The planet would have extreme temperature variations (D) It would make little difference to its core temperature

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill(1) Did you know that Venus is (1) _________ than Mercury? This seems strange because Venus is nearly (2) _________ the distance from the sun as Mercury is. But in fact, the temperature of Venus is over 460 degrees (3)_________, whereas Mercury ranges between 420 and minus 220 degrees! I'll explain how this is (4) ________. 24

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill(2) While Mercury has no (5) _________... and this is important... Venus has a thick atmosphere. It consists of (6) _________ dioxide and thick clouds of sulfur dioxide. This combination creates the strongest greenhouse gases in our solar system. Interestingly, the sulfur dioxide reflects 60% of the Sun's rays away from the planet. This (7) _________ Venus from being lit with much sunlight. However, um, 96.5% of its atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide, which (8) ________ the sun's heat between the atmosphere and the planet's surface. This is what makes the planet so hot. 25

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill(3) Venus used to be (9) ________ to Earth, but all its water evaporated. This helped in creating the high amounts of (10) __________ gases in the atmosphere. If the carbon dioxide were (11) ________ from Venus's atmosphere, then it would have similar temperatures to that of (12) _________. 26

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill Answers: 1. hotter 2. twice 3. Celsius 4. possible 5. atmosphere 6. carbon 7. prevents 8. traps 9. similar 10. greenhouse 11. removed 12. earth 27

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Practice 2 Now go on to Practice 2. 28

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening Questions 1. What is one function of cell walls? (A) Giving plants their loose structure (B) Making up the plant's skeleton (C) Protecting the plant's cell membrane (D) Keeping out harmful substances 2. According to the lecture, what is one difference between plant cells and animal cells? (A) How they protect themselves (B) The presence of cell membranes (C) How they generate energy (D) The presence of organelles 3. What gives a plant its green color? (A) A characteristic of cell walls (B) The food that the cell creates (C) A feature of chloroplasts (D) The sunlight the cell absorbs 29

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (1) How are plant cells different from animal cells? Well, plants have cell walls, and they have chloroplasts. Animals don't have these. A plant's cell wall is a rigid structure outside of the cell's membrane. These walls have several functions. While animals have skeletons that give them a shape and structure, plants do not. So how do they stand upright? The cell wall allows a plant to maintain a specific structure. Its rigidness gives the plant its shape and the support that it needs. Also, cell walls act as a filter for the cell. They prevent harmful substances from getting in. 30

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (2) Unlike animal cells, plant cells are able to make their own food! Plant cells contain special organelles called chloroplasts, which are filled with a substance called chlorophyll. This substance is what makes plants green. It also absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll takes this sunlight, along with water and carbon dioxide, and changes it into energy for the plant to use. In this way, the plant generates its own food source. 31

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s listen again 32

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Sample answer for Diagram 33

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1 1. What is one function of cell walls? (A) Giving plants their loose structure (B) Making up the plant's skeleton (C) Protecting the plant's cell membrane (D) Keeping out harmful substances 34

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 2 2. According to the lecture, what is one difference between plant cells and animal cells? (A) How they protect themselves (B) The presence of cell membranes (C) How they generate energy (D) The presence of organelles 35

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 3 3. What gives a plant its green color? (A) A characteristic of cell walls (B) The food that the cell creates (C) A feature of chloroplasts (D) The sunlight the cell absorbs 36

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary The teacher is discussing the differences between plant and animal cells. Animals have ______ to give their bodies shape and structure. Plant cells have cell walls to provide shape and structure. The cell walls are _______ structures around the cell _____. They give cells support and stop harmful substances from getting in. Plant cells also contain ______ called chloroplasts which ______ sunlight. They use this light along with water and carbon dioxide to make food for the plant. 37

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary 38

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 1. How does the lecturer describe the plant’s cell wall? (A)Soft (B) flexible (C) Smooth (D)Rigid 2. What allows plants to maintain their structure? (A)Chlorophyll (B) Sunlight (C) The cell wall (D) water Which substance makes a plant green? (A) Sunlight (B) Chlorophyll (C) Water (D) Carbon 4.What substances do plants change into energy? (A) Sunlight and carbon (B) Carbon monoxide (C) Water, sunlight and carbon monoxide (D) Water, sunlight and carbon dioxide

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 1. How does the lecturer describe the plant’s cell wall? (A)Soft (B) flexible (C) Smooth (D)Rigid 2. What allows plants to maintain their structure? (A)Chlorophyll (B) Sunlight (C) The cell wall (D) water Which substance makes a plant green? (A) Sunlight (B) Chlorophyll (C) Water (D) Carbon 4.What substances do plants change into energy? (A) Sunlight and carbon (B) Carbon monoxide and sunlight (C) Water, sunlight and carbon monoxide (D) Water, sunlight and carbon dioxide

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 5.Which of the following do cell walls prevent entering the plant? (A)Water (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Harmful substances (D) organelles 6. What does the lecturer use to compare plant cells? (A)Human cells (B) Animal cells (C) Genetic cells (D) Coral reef cells 41 7.What are plant cells able to make ? (A) Their own food (B) Their own water (C) Harmful substances (D) Carbon dioxide 8. Which best describes what the lecture is about? (A) How strong plant cells are. (B) How animal cells are insignificant compared to plant cells. (C) Dangers to plant cells. (D) How plant cells help the plant function.

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Extra Questions 5.Which of the following do cell walls prevent entering the plant? (A)Water (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Harmful substances (D) organelles 6. What does the lecturer use to compare plant cells? (A)Human cells (B) Animal cells (C) Genetic cells (D) Coral reef cells 42 7.What are plant cells able to make ? (A) Their own food (B) Their own water (C) Harmful substances (D) Carbon dioxide 8. Which best describes what the lecture is about? (A) How strong plant cells are. (B) How animal cells are insignificant compared to plant cells. (C) Dangers to plant cells. (D) How plant cells help the plant function.

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill (1) How are plant cells different from (1) _________ cells? Well, plants have cell walls, and they have (2) _________. Animals don't have these. A plant's cell wall is a rigid (3) _________ outside of the cell's membrane. These walls have several functions. While animals have (4) _________ that give them a shape and structure, plants do not. So how do they stand upright? The cell wall allows a plant to maintain a (5) __________ structure. Its rigidness gives the plant its shape and the support that it needs. Also, cell walls act as a filter for the cell. They prevent (6) _________ substances from getting in. 43

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (2) Unlike animal cells, plant cells are able to make their own (7) _______! Plant cells contain special organelles called chloroplasts, which are filled with a (8) ________ called chlorophyll. This substance is what makes plants (9) ________. It also absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll takes this sunlight, along with water and carbon (10) _______, and changes it into (11) ________ for the plant to use. In this way, the plant (12) ________ its own food source. 44

マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill Answers: 1. animal 2. chloroplasts 3. structure 4. skeletons 5. specific 6. harmful 7. food 8. substance 9. green 10. dioxide 11. energy 12. generates 45