The ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically People tend to follow those in whom they see a means of satisfying their own personal goals. Definitions of Leadership

Personal Traits Leader Behavior Contingency Approaches Why are some people more effective leaders than others? Approaches to the Study of Leadership

1. How Managers Use Their Authority McGregor’s Theory X Theory Y Likert’s 4 Systems of Management System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 Leader Behavior Approaches

2. Leader’s Overall Orientation MichiganJob centered vs Employee Centered Ohio StateInitiating Structure Consideration Managerial Grid

High Low Concern for People Concern for Production Country Club Impoverished Push for Production Team “Organization Man” (9,9) (1,9) (5,5) (1,1) (9,1) The Managerial Grid

Tannenbaum & Schmidt Fiedler’s Contingency Theory Path-Goal Theory Hersey & Blanchard’s Life Cycle Contingency Approaches to Leadership

Manager’s Use of Authority Area of Freedom for Subordinates Boss-CenteredSubordinate- Leadership Centered Leadership Tannenbaum and Schmidt

Leader- Member Relations Task Structure Power Position Good Relations Poor Relations Structured Unstructured Strong Weak Strong Weak Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

Leader- Member Relations Task Structure Power Position Leader Style Good Relations Poor Relations Structured Unstructured Strong Weak Strong Weak Situational Favorableness Task Oriented Employee OrientedTask Oriented Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

LeaderSubordinateSubordinate BehaviorPerceptions Outcomes Type of Subordinate Type of Task DirectiveValenceEffort SupportiveExpectancyMotivation AchievementInstrumentalityPerformance ParticipativeSatisfaction Path Goal Theory of Leadership

Task Behavior Relationship Behavior LHLH HLHL Follower Readiness LH Hersey & Blanchard’s Life Cycle Theory of Leadership

Charismatic instills pride Behaviorinstills faith instills a sense of vision Individual delegates to stimulate learning Consideration Intellectualencourages new ideas Stimulationencourages rethinking old ideas encourages risk taking Transformational Leadership

Use Perspective Selection/Placement Training/Development Type of Theory Universal Trait Theory Behavioral Theories Contingency Fiedler Tannenbaum & TransformationalSchmidt Path-Goal Hersey & Blanchard Classifying Leadership Theories