DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Instructors: Dr J. Shanbehzadeh Shanbehzadeh@gmail.com Kharazmi University

Chapter 9 – Morphological Image Processing DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Chapter 9 – Morphological Image Processing Instructors: Dr J. Shanbehzadeh Shanbehzadeh@gmail.com

9.6 - Gray-Scale Morphology

introduction Structuring elements in gray-scale morphology: Non flat 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Structuring elements in gray-scale morphology: Non flat Flat ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morphology 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Erosion and Dilation Erosion and Dilation Opening and Closing Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Erosion and Dilation (Flat Ses) Erosion: The minimum value of the image in the region coincident with SE. This is similar to the correlation procedure. Dilation: The maximum value of the image in the window outlined by SE. This is analogous to spatial convolution. Notice: the structuring element is reflected about its origin by using (-s, -t) in the argument of the function 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Erosion and Dilation (Flat Ses) 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Erosion and Dilation (Flat Ses) 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Dilation ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Erosion and Dilation (Non flat Ses) 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Dilation : Notice: As in the binary case, erosion and dilation are duals with respect to function complementation and reflection ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morphology 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Erosion and Dilation Opening and Closing Opening and Closing Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Opening and Closing Opening : Closing Series: 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Opening : Closing Series: Notice: The opening and closing for gray-scale images are duals with respect to complementation and SE reflection ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Opening and Closing 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Opening and Closing 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Opening and Closing Opening Erosion 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh) Opening Erosion

Opening and Closing Closing Dilation 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh) Closing Dilation

Gray-Scale Morphology 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Erosion and Dilation Opening and Closing Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Morphological Smoothing 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Opening:suppresses bright details smaller than the specified SE and closing suppresses dark details. They are used often in combination as morphological filters for image smoothing and noise removal ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Morphological Smoothing 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Morphological Gradient 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Dilation and erosion can be used in combination with image subtraction to obtain the morphological gradient of an image: The dilation thickens regions in an image and the erosion shrinks them. Their difference emphasizes the boundaries between regions. ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Morphological Gradient 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Top–hat and Bottom–hat Transformation 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Combining image subtraction with openings and closings results in top-hat and bottom-hat transformations. Top-hat transformation: Bottom-hat transformation: Notice: The top-hat transform is used for light objects on a dark background, and the bottom-hat transform is used for the converse. ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Top–hat and Bottom–hat Transformation 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Granulometry 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Determining the size distribution of particles in an image. Granulometry consists of applying openings with SEs of increasing size. For each opening, the sum of the pixel values in the opening is computed. To emphasize changes between successive openings, we compute the difference between adjacent elements of the 1-D array. The peaks in the plot are an indication of the size distributions of the particles in the image. ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Granulometry 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Granulometry 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Textural Segmentation 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Finding a boundary between two regions based on their textural content. ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morphology 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Erosion and Dilation Opening and Closing Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morph. Reconstruction 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Let f and g denote the marker and mask images. Geodesic dilation of size 1: ^ denotes the point-wise minimum operator. Geodesic dilation of size n: Geodesic erosion of size 1: Geodesic erosion of size n: ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morph. Reconstruction 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Morphological reconstruction by dilation: Morphological reconstruction by erosion: ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morph. Reconstruction 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction Opening by reconstruction of size n: Closing by reconstruction of size n: ( J.Shanbehzadeh)

Gray-Scale Morph. Reconstruction 9.6- introduction 9.6.1 Erosion and Dilation 9.6.2 Opening and Closing 9.6.3 Some Basic Gray-Scale Morphological Algorithms 9.6.4 Gray-Scale Morphological Reconstruction ( J.Shanbehzadeh)