1 Revision Session 2 The working world

2 What did we talk about? 1. The way jobs are classified and words for different types of f arms 2. What farmers produce in different parts of the UK and why 3. How farms have changed over history and why? – but we are go to miss that out 4. What kinds of farms you find in Kenya 5. What is Fair Trade? But we will not revise all of this – just some of the important bits!!

3 How can we classify jobs – why are the pictures in this order?

4 Which country has the most primary? What does that tell you about that country? Which country has the most secondary? What does that tell you about that country? Which has the most tertiary? What does that tell you about that country? The UK has only 1% of the working people who work in primary industry. How do they manage? United Kingdom

5 What do these words mean? arable pastoral mixed intensive extensivecommercial subsistence sedentary nomadic

6 Here are the kinds of farming: Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening We are going to work out which colour goes with which type and why!

7 UK climate can be roughly divided into 4 parts Which colours do you think are warmest in Summer? Why? Which colours are wettest throughout the year? Why? Now this is the odd one – which colours are coldest in winter? (and it is NOT blue AND green – it might be one of those but not both) And why?

8 UK climate can be roughly divided into 4 parts Cool winter mild summer wet all year Cool winter warm summer wet all year Cold winter mild summer not so much rain Cold winter warm summer not so much rain

9 The one on the left is a physical map and the one on the right is a population map Do you notice a pattern?

10 Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening Sheep and beef cattle are not fussy where they live They don’t need much looking after so long as they have some grass But they are not the best money makers either, so not a first choice on the best land Which colour?

11 Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening Arable is better grown in large flat fields – easier for the big machines Does not need it too wet otherwise the grains will not ripen Which colour?

12 Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening Dairy cattle needs lots lush grass - so a lot of rain is a good thing. It need it to be warm as long as possible so the grass goes on growing into the Autumn. These cows and the lush grass do better on flatter land Which colour?

13 Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening Mixed farming is a bit of mixture – not too dry otherwise the grass won’t grow but not too wet either or the crops won’t ripen. Not too hilly otherwise the machine won’t get around easily Which colour?

14 Sheep and beef cattle (cattle for meat) Arable Dairy cattle (cattle for milk and cheese) Mixed Market gardening Market gardening is all about fruit, vegetables and flowers. Greenhouses and vegetable plots take lots of work and so are very intensive. So the plots are small. They need to be close to the market so they can be sold that day and not get damaged. Which colour?

15 Next we looked at how farming has changed and why It was really detailed and it difficult just to pick out key ideas There have been so many changes and they are all been for different reasons So I am not going to test you on any of that section

16 Then we looked at the types of farming going on in Kenya You can see it is on the East Coast of Africa. 3 of the types of farming we looked at there – An example of subsistence – shamba An example of pastoral nomads – the Masai Plantation agriculture – tea -

17 Shamba – Subsistence agriculture Small (1.5ha), growing maize, millet, peas & beans Keep a few animals (cattle, sheep, chickens & goats) – a source of eggs & milk but the animals sold as a cash crop Animals used as machinery Some people trained as Masai Desi (basic veterinary care) – example of a self help scheme Use basic irrigation systems to grow vegetables.

18 Pastoral Nomads Local Masai people They move around with their herds of cattle looking for good grazing They are totally dependant on their cattle – food, clothing, wealth But they are loosing their land to arable farming so now grazing increasingly marginal land

19 Plantations: tea plantations owned by Brooke Bond A Monoculture (only Tea is grown) A Cash crop sold to Europe Owned by a European Multi National Company, but the workers are local Kenyans workers, working 9hrs a day, earning approx. 43p/day based on picking But the housing & schooling provided free with clean water available – which is not always the case in the rest of Kenya There is also a free medical centre. And they are trying to make their system sustainable

20 What is sustainable agriculture? It is agriculture that does not use resources that they cannot replace Water needs to be conserved where it is in short supply Oil/coal should not be used where there are other fuel sources Where wood is used to generate heat, then enough trees need to be planted to replace what you used

21 Unilever Tea Kenya (UTK) are doing this Wood from managed plantations, mainly eucalyptus, is a renewable energy source. They coppice the trees rather than cut them down They dry the wood under plastic This means it burns better and the same wood produces 20% more heatThey support forestry workers who teach farmers and children to plant trees They have tree nurseries growing native trees with seedlings that will eventually be planted on their own estates They have set aside 14% of their land as natural forest or conservation areas, They will use rural areas such as forest edges and riverine strips, and along roads or around housing, schools and offices This is encourage more rainfall and stop soil erosion.

22 What is unfair trade? Unfair trade is where the farmers or producers of goods do not get a reasonable price for their work. How does this happen? People in the MEDCs want cheap goods – be it food or clothes or whatever the LEDCs can produce. So the importers refuse to pay more than they can afford to provide the cheap goods – and all the importers group together so the goods have to be sold cheaply or not at all. At the other end, big plantations are owned by companies from the MEDC, and they used to pay as low wages as they could, and as the locals have to work for them as there is no other work, they have to take low wages and bad conditions. Not all exported goods are produced on plantations. Some are grown as a small cash crop on basically subsistence farms. Local traders travel around these areas and collect the cocoa or coffee or whatever, and the small farmers have to sell to them at whatever price they will pay as there is no-one else who will buy it, and often this is not very much – these local traders take everyone’s goods to the next big town, where it collected by bigger traders who then export the goods.

23 What is Fairtrade? The main idea behind Fairtrade Foundation is to make sure that the producers get a reasonable price for their goods. In the case of farmers, they are promised ahead of time what that will be, so that they have a degree of certainty about what income they will get. They work with their regional cooperative to cut back on pesticides and fertilizers so that their production will be sustainable. There is also a social premium paid to the community which is then invested in education, clean water, health care – whatever that community decides.

24 Cocoa farmers in Ghana Lucy Mansa is a cocoa farmer who makes her living by growing and selling cocoa beans. She lives in a small village in Ghana called Fenaso Domeabra. But the price farmers received for their cocoa beans was often very low. Lucy and other farmers in her village used to have to sell their cocoa to the Ghanaian government. They were often cheated and earned very little money for their hard work. They could do very little about it, until cocoa farmers in the same situation decided to get together and form their own company. They called their company Kuapa Kokoo, which means "good cocoa farmer." Lucy says, 'I am very happy: since I joined Fair Trade I can afford to send my children to school'

25 It has really helped Lucy and thousands of other farmers. Kuapa Kokoo pays all its farmers a fair price for their crop, in cash, and on time. But Fair trade has other advantages The social premium means that in Lucy's village of Fenaso Domeabra a new well has been built. Clean water for everyone! Desmond Mensah, Lucy’s son, sees the benefits of Fair Trade. "I'm very happy that we have this well; I've never seen clean water like this before. Before we got this well, we had to walk long distances through the forests in search of water, and even then it wasn't clean. We want to sell more of our cocoa to Fair Trade companies so that we can invest in more things for the community. At the moment, I go to school, but some of my friends don't. I like school, I think education is important. My favourite subject is maths, but I also like football." Desmond uses the well

26 Homework