Axial skeleton.  Encloses spinal cord, (dorsal aorta)  Site of muscle attachment  Suspends body - tetrapods.

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Presentation transcript:

Axial skeleton

 Encloses spinal cord, (dorsal aorta)  Site of muscle attachment  Suspends body - tetrapods

Somites Somites – metameric blocks of mesoderm that form early in development Somites in green

Somites –  Dermatome  Sclerotome  Myotome

 Neural (Vertebral)arch  Hemal arch  Neural, hemal spines Vertebral structure

Most vertebrates have centra that unite with arches

Shapes of the Centrum

Pad of notochord bw vertebrae  compression and bulging  dislocation Amphicoelous

Articulate in ball and socket fashion  Intervertebral pad is ossified  Nerve cord bending Opisthocoelous, Procoelous

Titanoboa

Centra are flattened – distributes compression equally  Intervertebral disks, notochord Acoelous

Interlocking ‘saddle’ shapes  Twisting prevented, yet flexible Heterocoelous

Vertebral development

 Dorsal ribs, ventral ribs Ribs and sternum

 Diapophysis, parapophysis Ribs and sternum

Ribs meet ventrally at sternum for many tetrapods (mostly amniotes)  Lung ventilation Amphibian Amniote Ribs and sternum

True ribs False ribs Floating rib Ribs and sternum

 Change from water to land... Evolution of the axial skeleton

 Lateral forces, compression, dislocation  Extended neural, hemal arches  Trunk vs. tail vertebrae Fish

 Land not level - need dorsal-ventral flexion Tetrapod forces

 Land not level - need dorsal-ventral flexion  Lateral flexion for some vertebrates Tetrapod forces

Vertebrae experience torsion forces Tetrapod forces

Tetrapods – resists torsion forces Zygapophyses Prezyg. Postzyg.

Fish vs. tetrapods: regionalization

Amphibian regionalization

1: Atlas - ringlike 2: Axis - odontoid process extends forward into atlas Amniote cervical region No zygopophyses human dog

Changes to regionalization Amniotes have atlas, axis and other cervical

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal  Lumbar vs. thoracic Mammal regionalization

Comparing relative lengths of lumbar area

Comparing length and broadness of neural spines

 Cervical vertebrae  Zygapophyses  Hemal arch Modifying tetrapods to be aquatic

Turtle rib modification

Bird axial modifications

Keel of sternum Uncinate process Synsacrum Tradeoff of strength and flexibility