Characteristics of Bacteria Classification Reproduction Uses Controlling Growth

Structure of Bacteria Two parts to Bacteria Structure: Arrangement Shape

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla, spirillum Rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci, coccus http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Shape Rod: bacillus Round: coccus Spiral: spirillum

Bacteria Arrangement Paired: diplo Grape-like clusters: staphylo Chains: strepto

Examples Streptococcus: chains of spheres Staphylospirillum: Grapelike clusters of spirals Streptobacillus: Chains of rods

Name these bacteria…

Bacterial Reproduction Do bacteria reproduce sexually?

Bacterial Reproduction no

Binary Fission Cell division in prokaryotes 1 cell  2 cells genetically identical (clones)

Binary Fission Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/MBG/MBG3/CB.Binaryfission.GIF Cell separation

BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm Bacteria dividing Completed

Conjugation Transfer of genes between prokaryotes (Can occur within AND between species.) NOT sexual, but bacteria do exchange genes. pilus For me! Have a plasmid. plasmid (“ring” of DNA)

Transformation “Loose” DNA rings (plasmids) taken directly from the environment under adverse conditions or through biotechnology. plasmid (“ring” of DNA)

Reproduction of Bacteria The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Endospores Endospores = small resistant cells formed inside existing cells to survive poor conditions. It’s NOT reproduction. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax bacterium)

Endospore-the black section in the middle Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.

some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Harmful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

E.coli on small intestines                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Helpful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 E.coli on small intestines

3 ways to control bacteria: Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

Controlling Bacteria in People Antibiotics = inhibit bacterial growth; stop reproduction or kill -directly kill or inhibit the bacteria (Drugs that inhibit viruses are usually called anti-virals.) Immunization = inject parts of bacteria or viruses to “train” the immune system to destroy the pathogen -make a person’s body uninhabitable for the bacteria OR viruses

Penicillium Fungus