Standard 6

 Industrialization  Urbanization  Laissez-Faire  Socialism  Communism  Labor Union  Capitalism  Stock  James Watt  Karl Marx  Cotton Gin  Social Darwinism  "Robber Baron"  Scramble for Africa  Berlin Conference (1884)

 The major shift of the Industrial Revolution is from making goods by hand to making goods with the help of machines

 Was a major invention of the Industrial Revolution because it allowed you to generate power without using manpower  It went through many models with varying levels of efficiency, making it difficult to pinpoint one single inventor  We do know that one of the earliest models was developed by Thomas Newcomen, but James Watts was the man whose version of the steam engine took root in Europe

 Great Britain was a natural location for the Industrial Revolution to begin because it had three necessary components: land, labor, & capital  In addition, the government was stable and supported economic growth

 The textile industry is a great microcosm of the Industrial Revolution; it involves an industry where machines accelerated growth and altered society  Before the IR, Great Britain used the putting-out system, also called the cottage industry. Raw cotton was shipped out to peasant families who hand-spun it into cloth  Gradually, inventions like Eli Whitney’s cotton gin sped up the production of textiles and large machines allowed for people who didn’t know how to spin cloth to work.  Eventually, large buildings called factories sprang up around water sources (which steam engines needed) & production skyrocketed

 This revolutionizing of industry spread to other areas like transportation.  The invention of the steam locomotive (by men like George Stephenson) in the early 1800’s pushed the growth of railroads which would move people and goods faster.

 After Great Britain’s initial industrialization, other nations began a “race” to industrialize faster based on who had access to necessary materials (coal, iron, workers, etc.)  This “race” would later lead to an increase in imperialistic moves by various nations seeking to acquire raw materials that they did not have available

 Steel- Process developed by Henry Bessemer  Dynamite- Alfred Nobel  Electric Power- Michael Faraday’s dynamo & Thomas Edison’s light bulb  Assembly Line Production/Interchangeable Parts  Automobiles- Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz, Gottlieb Diamler, Henry Ford  Airplanes- Orville & Wilber Wright  Radio Communication: Telegraph- Samuel Morse Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell Radio- Guglielmo Marconi

 The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanization (growth of cities) as cities formed around factories.  Because machines were easy to operate without specific knowledge, cheap labor became popular and unskilled workers began to replace skilled ones  Unfortunately, this lack of specific knowledge led to harsh conditions for workers. People who worked in factories on average worked 14 hours a day 6 days a week around dangerous machinery with no rights or minimum wage  Child labor was also prominent as children were used to fix machinery; as a matter of fact one of the reasons for compulsory public education was the need to get children out of the factories

 Belief that government should not interfere in the economy- “hands off”  Originally introduced by Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations  Held that a free market with unregulated exchanges would eventually help everyone, not just the rich  It would produce more goods at lower prices, so they were affordable for all

 A sociological theory that sociocultural advance is the product of intergroup conflict and competition and the socially elite classes (as those possessing wealth and power) possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence  Used to support Laissez-Faire economics  Thought that wealth and money came through success and equality

 These problems with workers led to new ideas about workers and their role in the world. People began to feel that perhaps the life of an unskilled workers wasn’t fair  People who felt like this would support socialism, a government type where the people as a whole own and operate means of production for the good of everyone, instead of private individuals

 Karl Marx released his pamphlet The Communist Manifesto (co-written with Friedrich Engels); the main idea of this book was that workers formed a poor class (proletariats, “have nots”) that were constantly take advantage of by the rich class (bourgeoisie, “haves”) and eventually the have-nots would rise up and take power  The have-nots would then create a society with no classes at all where the community owns every means of production; this is the basic idea of communism

 Workers soon grew to resent the harsh conditions of factories and the injuries/deaths that resulted from them.  Soon they banded together in labor unions to protest poor conditions & demand better  They could go on strike, or refuse to work, as a leverage tactic against supervisors Some supervisors countered this by bringing in replacement workers  The first group to do so was the Luddites, a group of textile workers who sabotaged machinery and burned factories

 A period of rapid colonization of Africa by European powers  The European Countries Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, and Ottomans  Causes End of Slavery Exploration Capitalism Politics Steam Engine & Iron Hulled Boats Military Innovations Medical Advances