Human Anatomy and Physiology 20A-2

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy ~ how a structure is shaped, where it is found and of what it is made. Physiology ~ concerned with the function of a structure Anatomical position ~ a person standing, arms at side, with toes, palms and face facing forward. Giving the direction and area on a human body using terms based on the body being in the anatomical position.

Sagittal: divides body into right and left portions Box p627

Levels of Organization of Multicellular Organisms 1. Cells ~ the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms 2. Tissues ~ similar cells that are grouped together to perform a similar function 3. Organs ~ tissues grouped together to perform a specific function. One organ may contain more than one type of tissue. The heart contains tissues from all four groups. 4. Organ Systems ~ Groups of organs working together to accomplish life functions.

Subatomic Atomic Molecular Organelle Cellular

Tissue Nervous Tissue Brain Nervous System Pronghorn Antelope Organ Organ System Organism

Population Herd of Pronghorns Hawk Water Earth’s surface Community Ecosystem Biosphere Pronghorns Hawk Grass Pronghorns Snake Bushes Soil Air Snake

Histology Histology ~ the study of tissues Vascular tissues- blood vessels run through them (ex. Muscle tissue) Avascular tissues- lack blood vessels (ex. Epithelial tissue)

4 Types of Tissue Connective Epithelial Muscle Nervous

Connective Tissue Most abundant and diverse Support, connect, and protect other body structures Usually connective tissue cells are not adjacent to each other, but have matrix between them.

Types of Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage Dense fibrous (ligaments and tendons) Loose fibrous Adipose (fat) Blood Lymph Hemopoietic (blood forming)

Connective Tissue Matrixes Matrix ~ nonliving material present in tissue, which is secreted by the tissue’s cells Four types of matrix 1.solid matrix ~ example: bone 2.fluid matrix ~ example: blood ~ carries blood cells 3.fibrous matrix ~ example: ligaments and tendons ~ permits flexibility 4.gel matrix ~ example: cartilage of nose and ear ~ soft mixed with fibers

Blood Adipose (fat)

CartilageBone

Tendons and Ligaments

Table p628

Epithelial Tissue Layers of cells that cover or line the external and internal surfaces Vary in thickness from a single layer lining capillaries to multiple layers forming the skin. Covers and lines to protect, secrete, absorb and filter

Bladder Trachea

Skin

Muscle Tissue Cells contract Move body or move fluid through the body 3 types – Skeletal – Smooth- typically involuntary – Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle: Note that the cells (running vertically) are long, straight, striated and multinucleated. Cardiac Muscle: Note that the cells are much more branching than skeletal muscle, but are still striated. The key feature is the dark lines that run across the tissue between cells. These are intercalated discs and are only found in cardiac muscle. Smooth Muscle: Note that striations are not present (thus the name) and that the cells are flattened and stretched out (spindle shaped). Chart p647

Nervous Tissue Cells receive and transmit electrochemical impulses from muscles, glands, and other nerve cells Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Coordinates muscular movements, interprets sensations received from the environment, and controls thought processes and emotions

Table p628

Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Digestive Circulatory Lymphatic Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive

Body Cavities 1.Cranial cavity ~ houses the brain 2.Spinal cavity ~ surrounds the spinal cord 3.Thoracic cavity ~ contains the heart, respiratory organs and esophagus 4.Abdominal cavity ~ contains the digestive, reproductive and excretory organs *The thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity are separated by the diaphragm.