Luciano Bani, Dario Massimino, Luciana Bottoni and Renato Massa Luciano Bani, Dario Massimino, Luciana Bottoni and Renato Massa BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION.

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Presentation transcript:

Luciano Bani, Dario Massimino, Luciana Bottoni and Renato Massa Luciano Bani, Dario Massimino, Luciana Bottoni and Renato Massa BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNIT DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNIT DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY 6 th International Association for Landscape Ecology World Congress Darwin (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 2003 FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

OBJECTIVE and EFFECTIVE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK PLANNING IDENTIFICATION OF:  Core Areas with their Buffer Zones  Linear Corridors  Diffuse Corridors  Stepping Stones Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE BASIC KNOWLEDGE: 1)Minimum area requirements 2)Disruption of landscape connectivity Patch connectivity  species gap-crossing abilitiesPatch connectivity  species gap-crossing abilities Patterns of habitat destruction  connectivity maintained across multiple scales (from coarse to fine)Patterns of habitat destruction  connectivity maintained across multiple scales (from coarse to fine) 3)Species-specific landscape connectivity Functional connectionFunctional connection

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … MODELMODEL Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Census Data Focal species Observed Abundance map Focal species Observed Abundance map Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistancemap Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistancemap Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES CORRIDORSCORRIDORS

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …

CORINE Land Cover level 3 EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA (used for the Multiple-scale Model of the Potential Suitability Map) Digital Elevation Model Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … Census Data

Orange dots: Focal species (974) Small grey dots: point counts (5.000+) BIRD CENSUS DATA Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Alps Prealps Apennines Lowland Orobie mountains divide Continental valley

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … Census Data

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE MARSH TIT Parus palustris SHORT-TOED TREECREPER Certhia brachydactyla NUTHATCH Sitta europaea BROAD-LEAVED FOREST FOCAL SPECIES (selection based on environmental selectivity and rarity; see Bani et al. 2002)

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … MODELMODEL Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Census Data

FOCAL SPECIES POTENTIAL SUITABILITY MAP obtained by Multiple-Scale Multivariate Linear Model 1.Selection of useful data to perform the model (see Bani et al. 2002) 2.Measuring of environmental variables on different scales (500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m, 5000 m radius plot centered in each point count) 3.Development of Multiple Linear Regression model with stepwise variable selection 4.Model validation by leave-more-out technique Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

> <0.25 POTENTIAL SUITABILITY (Expected abundance) birds/point count Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … MODELMODEL Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Census Data Focal species Observed Abundance map Focal species Observed Abundance map

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP birds/point count (Kernel interpolation, R=2500 m) > <0.25

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE POTENTIAL SUITABILITY (Expected abundance) Birds/point counts OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP birds/point count COMPARISON BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAPS

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE 1)Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas?

young stage old growth stage I’m a Short-toed Treecreeper and I prefer old and creviced trees HABITAT STRUCTURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

Mirror relascope for Basal area measurement Mirror relascope for Basal area measurement Tree trunk size (DBH) measurement HABITAT STRUCTURE FOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIES HABITAT STRUCTURE FOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIES Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Basal area measurement point Trunk sections

STRUCTURAL FOREST VARIABLES a)Effect of “Tree trunk size composition”: evaluated by means of the diameter of each 10 th percentile of 100 sample tree series b)Effect of “Basal area”: evaluated by means of the surface occupied by trunks per hectare of woodland (Necessary to evaluate the surface occupied by the above series) Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

15 SAMPLE AREAS FOR FOREST STRUCTURE SURVEY Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE N°Sample area 1Northern Como Lake 2Valtellina-Aprica 3Valcamonica 4Western Como Lake 5Eastern Como Lake 6Valbrembana 7Triangolo Lariano 8Spina Verde 9Crestoso Mount 10Valvestino 11Valtrompia 12Franciacorta 13Ticino Valley 14Lower Apennines 15Higher Apennines

EXAMPLES OF STATISTICS Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL WOODLAND VARIABLES: trunk diameters Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Minimum optimal diameters series (green) Minimum acceptable diameters series (red)

Min. optimal  # trees <= >4057 Total # 951 Basal area 33 Min. acceptable  # trees <= >20143 Total # 2041 Basal area 20 Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION 2)Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Core areas? Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE 1)Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas?

CORE AREAS IDENTIFICATION Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … MODELMODEL Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Census Data Focal species Observed Abundance map Focal species Observed Abundance map Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Effective core areas in study area Potential core areas outside study area

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES identification  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  …  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology  Idrology  Climate  … MODELMODEL Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Census Data Focal species Observed Abundance map Focal species Observed Abundance map Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistancemap Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistancemap Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES CORRIDORSCORRIDORS

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE RESISTANCE =1/(suitability+0.001)

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Effective core areas in study area Potential core areas outside study area Network > 1 (Potential suitability) <0.25

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE N°SAMPLE AREA FRAGMENT SIZE (km 2 ) MINIMUM RESISTANCE 1Northern Como Lake236815,748 2Valtellina-Aprica Valcamonica276725,457 4Western Como Lake Eastern Como Lake Valbrembana19149,355 7Triangolo Lariano32213,939 8Spina Verde236810,242 9Crestoso Mount276855,011 10Valvestino276896,586 11Valtrompia276876,820 12Franciacorta1058,681 13Ticino Valley1642,996 14Lower Apennines Higher Apennines18072,619 Fragment size vs Landscape connectivity (or Resistance) vs Forest structure

Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE Fragment size & Landscape connectivity (or Resistance) & Forest structure Focal species abundance Controlled by: Structural score R=0.328; P<0.001 Resistance Fragment size Resistance R=-0.237; P=0.008 Structural Score Fragment size R=-0.082; P=0.403 Structural Score Resistance

CONCLUSIONS 2)Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Core areas? No…if fragments are well connected!No…if fragments are well connected! Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE 1)Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas? Because the habitats may differ in their organization (structure) and/or in floristic composition.Because the habitats may differ in their organization (structure) and/or in floristic composition.