Historical/Heritage Tourism UNESCO World Heritage List -

Major Heritage Sites or “Wonders” of the World  Cultural Wonders  Stonehenge  Roman Coliseum  Great Pyramid of Giza  Karnak  Petra  Hagia Sophia  Jerusalem  Taj Mahal  Bagan  Angkor Wat  Great Wall of China  Forbidden City  Potala Palace  Chichen Itza  Teotihuacan  Machu Picchu  Christ the Redeemer  Natural Wonders  Grand Canyon  Great Barrier Reef  Victoria Falls  Iguazu Falls  Galapagos Islands  Antarctica

Wonders of the World Grand Canyon Chichen Itza Teotihuacan Galapagos Islands Machu Picchu Christ the Redeemer Iguazu Falls Great Barrier Reef Angkor Wat Bagan Victoria Falls Temple of Karnak Pyramids of Giza Petra Jerusalem Hagia Sohpia Stonehenge Great Wall of China Forbidden City Potala Palace Taj Mahal Roman Coliseum

Historical Geography of Tourism Ancient Civilizations – Greeks, Persians, Romans –Extensive transport network, common currency, language, and legal system –Concept of leisure holiday –Holiday derived from: 1. “Holy Day” in Christian Europe 2. “Saturnalia” – Roman day of feasting and frolicking

Grand Tour of William Thomas Beckford – 1780 Dreams, Waking Thoughts, and Incidents The Grand Tour

Alexander von Humboldt

Charles Darwin & The Voyage of the Beagle Second Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Religious Tourism Major Pilgrimage Sites Islam – Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem Judaism – Jerusalem Christianity – Jerusalem –Roman Catholicism – Vatican City (Rome) Numerous shrines based on appearance of the Virgin –Orthodoxy – Istanbul Buddhism – Bodh Gaya, Sarnath Hinduism – Varanasi Sikhism – Amritsar Baha’i Faith – New Delhi

Major Pilgrimage Sites Bodh Gaya Varanasi Sarnath Amritsar Mecca Medina Jerusalem Medjugorje Vatican Lourdes Fatima Virgen de Guadalupe

Holiest City of Islam Mecca, Saudi Arabia Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

Makkah during the Haj Pilgrimage The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.

Jerusalem The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Temple Mount Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine Temple Mount contains sites holy to both Jews and Muslims, including the Western Wall of the Second Temple, al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Dome of the Rock.

The Western Wall Jerusalem Also known as the Wailing Wall for Jews and the Buraq Wall for Muslims

Jewish Pilgrims Praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem

Christian Holy Sites Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem

Al-Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem

Dome of the Rock Jerusalem

Camino de Santiago de Compostela Way of St. James Christian Pilgrimage Route to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain "Stjacquescompostelle1" by map of Mr Manfred Zentgraf, Volkach, Germany - Manfred Zentgraf, Volkach, Germany.

Holy Sites in Buddhism Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

Buddhist Temple Bodh Gaya, India

Deer Park Sarnath, India S. Brown

Hindu Holy Places Hierarchy of Hindu holy places: Some sites are holy to Hindus throughout India; others have a regional or sectarian importance, or are important only locally.

Transport Geography of Tourism Transport Systems Transportation networks Modes of transport –Airlines & airports –Trains & buses –Cars and taxis –Ships and ferries –Travel agents and tour companies Nodes –Terminals & Interchanges

Energy Efficiency of Different Forms of Passenger Transportation Sustainable Energy — Without the Hot Air by David JC MacKay, UIT: Cambridge, England (2009).

Patterns of Movement Point-to-point Hub-and-spoke Circular

Physical Geography of Tourism Physical Geography –Geomorphology Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock formations Plate tectonics – earthquakes and volcanoes –Climate Tropical versus middle and high latitude climates Maritime versus continental climates Wet versus dry climates Altitude and highland climates –Biogeography – temperature & humidity Forests – tropical, temperate, boreal Grasslands – prairie/steppe Savannas Deserts Tundra

Plate Tectonics

World Climate Regions The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions. Amazon Congo BorneoNew Guinea Serengeti Llanos Sahara Patagonia Sahel Pampas Mediterranean Caribbean Siberia Greenland Alaska Calif. Rockies Andes Alps Himalayas