The European State in the Renaissance  The Growth of the French Monarchy  Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483)  Territorial expansion and royal control  England: Civil War and a New Monarchy  The Wars of the Roses  The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII (1485 – 1509)

p357 Durer, Adoration of the Magi

Map 12.2 p358 MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

The European State in the Renaissance  The Unification of Spain  Isabella of Castile (1474 – 1504) and Ferdinand of Aragón (1479 – 1516)  Establishment of professional royal army  Religious uniformity  The Inquisition  Conquest of Granada  Expulsion of the Jews  The Holy Roman Empire: the Success of the Habsburgs  Dynastic marriage and territorial growth  Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)

Map 12.3 p359 MAP 12.3 The Iberian Peninsula

The European State in the Renaissance  The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe  Poland: conflict between nobility and the crown  Hungary  Matthias Corvinus (1458 – 1490): short-term centralization  Russia  Ivan III (1462 – 1505): overthrow of the Mongols  The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire  The spread of the Seljuk Turks  Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453)

p361 CHRONOLOGY Europe in the Renaissance