PRIMATE EVOLUTION Chapter 16

Primate Adaptation & Evolution Ch. 16, Sec. 1

Primates Primates = group of animals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans Primates = group of animals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans Common traits among primates: Common traits among primates: Large brains (relative to body size) Large brains (relative to body size) Social interactions Social interactions Flexible shoulder & hip joints Flexible shoulder & hip joints

Opposable Thumb = thumb that can cross the palm to meet the other fingertips Opposable Thumb = thumb that can cross the palm to meet the other fingertips Adaptation for griping & climbing Adaptation for griping & climbing

Binocular Vision = both eyes in the front Binocular Vision = both eyes in the front Better depth perception, jumping from tree to tree Color Vision allows primates to find food that has most nutrition Color Vision allows primates to find food that has most nutrition Ex: Unripe vs. Ripe fruit

Primate Origins Primates share evolutionary history Primates share evolutionary history Fossil, anatomical, DNA evidence show a close relationship Fossil, anatomical, DNA evidence show a close relationship Primates classified into 2 groups Primates classified into 2 groups

Primate Ancestors Strepsirrhines Haplorhines Anthropoids Hominoids Hominids Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans African apes Humans New World monkeys Tarsiers Lemurs Lorises, Pottos and Galagos

Humanlike Primates Evolve Anthropoids = humanlike primates; hominoids, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys Anthropoids = humanlike primates; hominoids, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys

New World monkeys found in Central & South America New World monkeys found in Central & South America Arboreal (live in trees) Arboreal (live in trees) Prehensile Tail = can be used as a 5 th limb Prehensile Tail = can be used as a 5 th limb

Old World monkeys found in Africa & Asia Old World monkeys found in Africa & Asia No prehensile tail No prehensile tail Can live in trees or on the ground Can live in trees or on the ground

Hominoids = apes & humans Hominoids = apes & humans Apes Apes No tails, walk on 2 legs w/ support from hands No tails, walk on 2 legs w/ support from hands Humans Humans Large brains, walk upright Large brains, walk upright

Human Ancestry Ch. 16, Sec. 2

Hominids 5-8 mya in Africa a common ancestor branched off into 2 groups (chimps & humans) 5-8 mya in Africa a common ancestor branched off into 2 groups (chimps & humans) Supported by DNA evidence, comparison of similar proteins Supported by DNA evidence, comparison of similar proteins Hominoids = primates that can walk on 2 legs (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans) Hominoids = primates that can walk on 2 legs (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans) Hominids = bipedal primates, only walk on 2 legs Hominids = bipedal primates, only walk on 2 legs

Early Hominids Australopithecine = early hominids w/ apelike and humanlike qualities, intermediate between chimp and human Australopithecine = early hominids w/ apelike and humanlike qualities, intermediate between chimp and human “Lucy” “Lucy” Smaller brains, bipedal Smaller brains, bipedal

Modern Humans Humans are Homo sapiens Humans are Homo sapiens Other hominids are also classified in the genus Homo Other hominids are also classified in the genus Homo 2.5 mya earliest hominids in the genus Homo 2.5 mya earliest hominids in the genus Homo

Millions of years ago H. sapiensH. neanderthalensis H. heidelbergensis H. erectus H. antecessor H. ergaster Homo habilis P. robustus P. boisel A. garhi Paranthropus aethiopicus A. bahrelghazali A. afarensis Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus H. rudolfensis

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