with Area Proportional to Population Figure 15.1 The Relation Between Average Life Expectancy and GDP Per Capita, with Area Proportional to Population

over Pre-Industrial Levels, 2000-2100. Figure 15.1. Range of Predictions of Global Average Temperature Increase over Pre-Industrial Levels, 2000-2100.

Figure 15.3. Environmental Kuznets Curve for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

Figure 15.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions vs. GDP per Capita, 2002[1]

Selected Developed Countries Figure 15.5 Environmentally-Based Taxes as a Share of Total Tax Revenue, Selected Developed Countries

Global Lower-Income Class Global Middle-Income Class Table 15.1. Global Population Classification by Income and Environmental Impacts, 2005 Global Lower-Income Class Global Middle-Income Class Global Upper-Income Class Population (millions) 2,343 3,018 1,004 Average income per capita (US dollars) 507 2,274 32,112 Energy use per capita (kg oil equivalent) 501 1,373 5,410 Electricity power consumption per capita (kWh) 358 1,720 9,503 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 3.3 12.8 Passenger cars per 1,000 population 6 51 433

Table A1.1 Stages of Demographic Transition First Stage Both birth and death rates are high. On average the number of children that survive in each family is just enough to keep the population stable or very slowly growing. Second Stage Death rates are reduced, while birth rates stay high, so that parents are typically survived by significantly more than the 2 children required to replace them. In the 18th-20th centuries this second stage developed in industrializing countries due to the nutritional advances that followed increased agricultural productivity, and also (especially after about 1850) better medical care and sanitation. Third Stage Birth rates start declining, but are still higher than death rates. The increased availability of contraception and improvements in female education contribute to this stage. In the third stage fertility rates are initially above replacement level, but will eventually drop to or possibly below replacement level. Population growth slows down, though it continues growing because of the number of child-bearing-age women. Fourth Stage Birth rates and death rates equalize at a low rate. Population growth is zero – but the population is considerably larger than it was when the process began. Fifth Stage Birth rates are lower than death rates. When the demographic transition was first conceptualized, the process was expected to stop at the Fourth Stage. In fact, however, some nations may move fairly rapidly from above- to below-replacement birth rates, passing through the fourth stage of equal birth and death rates. Population actually declines.

Figure 1 Population by Age and Sex, United States, 1900, 2000, and 2040 (projected) (to be continued) (a) 1900 (b) 2000

(continued) Figure 1 Population by Age and Sex, United States, 1900, 2000, and 2040 (projected) (c) 2040 (projected)

Figure 2: Old-Age Dependency Ratios, 1950-2050