Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Chapter 21 Mental health diseases and disorders
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Common signs and symptoms Typically, symptoms of mental health begin with behavioral changes, so symptoms may not be noticed and many symptoms such as forgetfulness, anxiety, or temper tantrums are attributed to age, stress, or other illnesses.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Diagnostic Tests Brain Scans EEG MRI Psychological testing such as aptitude test, personality test, and others depending on severity of symptoms
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Intellectual Disability p. 533 Fall into two categories—genetic and acquired If testing is used the most common are the Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet systems Scores are considered normal are considered boderline Below 70 indicate profound disability with an inability to perform the simplest tasks
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention AD HD– a mental health disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, hyperactivity, and Cause not known but does appear to be familial Treatment is usually amphetamines and behavior modification.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Eating Disorders p Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention A compulsion to eat or not eat, that affects the mental and physical condition --anorexia nervosa—self imposed starvation resulting from a distorted body image --bulimia—characterized by episodes of binge eating (intake of up to 5,000 calories in 1 to 2 hours) followed by purging Can lead to cardiac problems, delayed puberty, menstrual problems, personality changes, death
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Tic Disorders -Develops in children ages 5 to 10 years. Cause is unknown, maternal emotional stress during pregnancy might play a part. Examples include eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat clearing, snorting, grunting
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Enuresis (bedwetting) Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Must occur at least twice a month for this diagnosis Incontinence after the age of bladder training. More common in males Reprimanding, ridiculing and shaming the child should be avoided.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Look at Alcohol and the Teenage Brain page 535
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Substance Related 1. Alcoholism---physical and mental dependence 2. Chronic alcoholism causes physical damage to nearly every organ system 3. Mental disorders include anxiety, depression, insomnia, impotence, and amnesia. 4. Look at page 537 for more ingo
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Substance cont. Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Marijuana is a mixture of the leaves and flowers of an Indian hemp plant. Hashish, a resin form the flowering top the hemp plant is thought to be 4-8 times stronger. Marijuana Abuse--disrupts the nerve cells in the brain making it difficult to problem solve, remember events, and participate in activities with normal skill
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. synthetic cannabis abuse Also known as K2 or Spice—a mixture of marijuana and spice sprayed with chemicals.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Cocaine Abuse it is estimated 1 in 2 women ages 25 to 35 has tried cocaine. Effects include increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, increased heart rate, hyperstimulation, reduced fatigue, and high associated with pleasure. Length of effect depends on route and amount used. Crack cocaine is four to five times stronger and much more addictive. When mixed with alcohol, the liver combines the drugs, creating a third substance called coaethylene which intensifies the euphoric effects but increases the risk of sudden death
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Methamphetamine Abuse p. 539 Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University An addictive, potent stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It can be injected, smoked or sniffed. Repeated abuse can lead to addiction accompanied by chemical and molecular changes in the brain.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Ectasy Affects the brain and may cause persistet memory. Can affect the bodys ability to regulate temperature. May increase heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, and severe anxiety
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Caffeine and Nicotine Abuse Caffeine causes vasoconstriction and over long period of time can cause circulatory problems. Withdrawal headaches are common. Nicotine is a stimulant that narrows blood vessels and raises the heart rate and blood pressure. Withdrawal symptoms include depression, irritability, anger, anxiety and an increase in appetite.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Sedatives or depressants Ex: antianxiety(Librium or Valium), barbiturates(Nembutal or Seconal), hypnotics(Dalmane) Barbiturates are the most baused. Taking with alcohol potentiates or ehances the effect. Addiction and tolerance develop quickly and commonly lead to overdose. Affected withdrawals are frequently hospitalized.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Amphetamine abuse Stimulant drugs that cause a release of the bodys natural epinephrine leading to an increase in heart rate, respiration, and digestion. Are addictive and do lead to tolerance. Depression and suicide can result from sudden withdrawal
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. LSD – Most commonly abused in the hallucinogenic class. – A small amount is enough to cause an 8-hour hallucination – Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, blood pressure increases, and appetite diminishes. – Abnormal thought processes can cause temporary or permanent mental chages.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Mescaline & PCP Mescaline is Found in the Mexican peyote cactus PCP is a depressant introduced as an animal tranquilizer. Can cause memory loss. Symptoms can be coma, convulsions, and respiratory arrest.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Narcotic Abuse Narcotics are depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics or painkillers. Narcotics lower blood pressure and slow nerve and muscle action and the rate of heart and breathing.Physical and physiological dependence develop rapidly. Opium—obtained from the poppy. Derivatives are morphine and herion. Heroin—it causes a rush followed by a sleepy drowsy state
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Inhalant Abuse The inhalant abuse “look” include spots or sores around the mouth—a glassy-eyed look, fumes on the breath or clothing, anxiety, and loss of appetite.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Anabolic steroid abuse Synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Increase muscle strength, lean body mass, and improved performance, but long term use is dangerous. Adolesents or preteens can experience accelerated puberty changes and growth. A variety of extreme behaviors is exhibited
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Organic mental disorders Associated with some type of known physical cause. Dementia—includes severe memory loss, disorientation, impaired judgment and the inability to learn new information. Deliruimn acute condition that can develop suddenly or over a few days. Causes include medications, alcohol, fever, dehydration, or physical illness.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Alzheimer's disease Progressive and irreversible form of dementia. Accounts for 50% of all dementia. Post mortem studies have s Post mortem studies have shown high levels of aluminum in the brain. Brain plaques and neuronal tangles have also been found.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Psychosis Describing conditions characterized by a disintegration of one’s personality and a loss of contact with reality. Individuals have delusions, hallucinations, impaired communication skills, and an inability to deal with life’s demands. One of the most common is schizophrenia.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. schizophrenia It means “split mind” not split personality. have a genetic vulnerability. Most felt that as children they were unloved. Symptoms appear at ages 16 to 25 and is more common in females. They lose touch with reality and act on imagined or fantasized reality. Symptoms include, hallucinations, flat tone of voice, incoherent speech, unresponsiveness and muscular rigidity.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Delusional disorders page 545 Grandiose Erotomatic Persecutory Somatic Treated with antipsychotics
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Mood or affective disorders Involve the emotions—---mood Or, expressions of—---affect Depression—prolonged feeling of extreme sadness or despair Page 546 for etiology
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Seasonal affective disorder SAD—thought to be related to an increase in the melatonin hormone- which is suppressed by light. Symptoms include chronic fatigue, excessive sleep, and excessive eating with weight gain. Treated with medications and exposure to light
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Bipolar disorder (manic depressive) Symptoms include feelings of euphoria, increased energy and restlessness, rapid thoughts and racing speech, unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities, extreme irritability, unusual behavior and denial that anything is wrong
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Dissociative disorders Characterized by escape of reality in involuntary and unhealthy ways ranging from suppressing memories to assuming alternate identities.include psychogenic amnesia, phychogenic fugue, depersonalization disorder, and multiple personality. Page
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Anxiety Disorders p. 548 The cause might be related to genetic factors, severe factors, severe stress, biochemical alterations, and in some cases, physical causes such as hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of each type are covered on page 548
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Somatoform disorders p. 549 Characterized by physical that lead one to believe in a physical disease, but on organic or physiologic cause.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Personality disorders personality disorders that make the person feel and behave in unacceptable or unsocial ways. This behavior limits relationships and can affect home and work life. See Page 551 for complete list
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Personality disorders Paranoid personalities Schizoid personalities Antisocial personalities Narcissistic personalities Histrioic personalities.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Gender identity disorder A condition in which the person is distressed with his or her uncomfortable or distressed with his or her sexual identity Symptoms: sexual sadism Exhibitionism sexual masochism Fetishism voyeruism Transvestic fetishism other paraphilia Frotteurism Pedophilia
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Sleep disorders Dyssomnias are disorders related to falling asleep Parasomnias are disorders related to staying asleep and include nightmares, sleep terror, and sleepwalking Insomnia sleep terror Narcolepsy sleep walking Sleep apnea
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Trauma Grief—a natural process of coping with a loss. Denial Anger Bargaining grief/depression acceptance
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. suicide One third of people over age 65 try to commit suicide. Aging—because of the changes that occur in the aging process, some symptoms seen in the older population might just be normal changes. Medication and medication interactions can also cause symptoms