POSITION : before the noun FORM : Singular ORDER : Opinion / fact   opinion  size  shape  age  colour  origin  material  purpose / type

order of adjectives opinion size shape age colour origin material purpose/type noun nice big round old blue French glass fruit bowl What is it like? How big is it? What size is it? What shape is it? How old is it? What age is it? What colour is it? Where is it from? Where does it come from? What is it made of? What is it for? What type/kind/sort is it?

ADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADJECTIVES Adjectives can be divided into 2 categories: BASE ADJECTIVESSTRONG ADJECTIVES BIGENORMOUS HOTBOILING TIREDEXHAUSTED COLDFREEZING INTERESTINGFASCINATING BADHORRIBLE GOODWONDERFUL DIRTYFILTHY SURPRISEDASTONISHED AFRAIDTERRIFIED CLEVERBRILLIANT LITTLETINY

We can modify adjectives with INTENSIFIERSADVERBS INTENSIFIERS / ADVERBS BASE ADJECTIVES BASE ADJECTIVES  rather,a bit, completely(negative adjectives) very, really, extremely, fairly, quite STRONG ADJECTIVES  Absolutely, totally, utterly, (really) EXAMPLES: Very good; fairly small; rather stupid Absolutely fantastic; totally exhausted

QUESTIONS ∗ ASKING FOR INFORMATION ∗ ASKING FOR CONFIRMATION ∗ ASKING FOR PERMISSION ∗ MAKING REQUESTS ∗ MAKING OFFERS ∗ MAKING INVITATIONS ∗ MAKING SUGGESTIONS ∗ SHOWING FRIENDLY INTEREST

QUESTIONS What’s your D.O.B? Do you need advice? Is it O.K. if I sit here? Could you give me more details, please? Can I help? Would you like to go to the cinema? Shall I help you to carry the shopping? How are things at home?

TWO basic types of questions INFORMATION CONFIRMATION / CONTRADICTION WH- questions YES-NO questions

YES – NO Questions Inversion of the AUXILIARY verb with the SUBJECT TO BE: Affirmative: You are in my class. Question : Are you in my class? Affirmative: You were in my class. Question : Were you in my class? Affirmative: You are going home. Question : Are you going home?

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT. She has been to London recently Has she been to London recently? PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT. He had already left when you arrived Had he already left when you arrived? FUTURE. FUTURE. They will finish before 5p.m. Will they finish before 5p.m.? CONDITIONAL CONDITIONAL. You would do it Would you do it?

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS WH – WHATan object WHEREa place WHOa person WHENa time WHYa reason WHICHbetween two WHOSE possession

OBJECT QUESTIONS OBJECT QUESTIONS begin with the interrogative pronoun what, where, who, why, when, whose, which, how Combinations with “WHAT” + noun What time.. What day.. What colour.. What size.. What shape… What nationality… Combinations with “HOW” + adjective How old… How often…. How much… How many…. How far… How long

 QUESTION WORD  AUXILIARY VERB  SUBJECT  MAIN VERB WHEN DO I FINISH? WHAT TIME WILLYOU RRIVE? WHAT TIME WILL YOU ARRIVE? WHEREHASHE GONE? WHERE HAS HE GONE? WHAT DID WEKNOW? WHAT DID WE KNOW? HOW MUCHSHOULD YOUTAKE? HOW MUCH SHOULD YOU TAKE? WHOCAN THEY SEE? WHO CAN THEY SEE?

SUBJECT QUESTIONS subject SUBJECT QUESTIONS When the subject of the question is the interrogative pronoun the verb remains affirmative, so you do not use: DO, DOES,DID WHO, WHICH, WHAT, HOW MUCH/MANY Who wants to go out? Which animals live in the jungle? What happened next? How much money is spent on useless products? How many people live in Ferrara?

QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS Where are you from? Who did he talk to? What are they talking about? What will you spend the money on? What is the book about? What are we waiting for?

FIRST CONDITIONAL If + simple present + simple future If I’m lucky, I’ll catch a big fish. If I catch a big fish, we’ll have it for dinner. If I go home without a fish. my wife won’t be pleased If he doesn’t catch a fish soon, he’ll move to another place he may move he may move

FIRST CONDITIONAL Represents a possibile situation (more realistic)‏ SECOND CONDITIONAL Represents an improbable situation (less realistic)‏ IF + SIMPLE PAST + CONDITIONAL

3rd conditional : If + past perfect + past conditional ( imaginary situations in the past) e.g. If Tom had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE + PP IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….

3rd conditional : If + past perfect + past conditional ( imaginary situations in the past) e.g. If Tom had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE + PP IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….

FUTURE FORMS There are various ways of interpreting the future: PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( I am doing)‏ (INTENTIONAL FUTURE I am going to do)‏ SIMPLE FUTURE ( I will do ) FUTURE CONTINUOUS ( I will be doing ) FUTURE PERFECT ( I will have done )‏ MAY / MIGHT ( I may do )‏

PRESENT CONTINUOUS USE: to show you are talking about your FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS: e.g. Appointments & organised events, official arrangements TIME EXPRESSIONS e.g. Tonight, at eight, this…weekend, next….. in April, The time element is IMPORTANT

THE INTENTIONAL FUTURE. USE (i) to talk about your intentions and decisions already taken (before the moment of speaking)‏ e.g. I’m going to concentrate on my career from now on. I’m going to buy a new car next week TIME EXPRESSIONS: In this form time expressions are secondary, as the emphasis is on the INTENTION of the speaker and not the TIME of the action (ii) To indicate an imminent action based on present evidence: e.g. Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.

THE SIMPLE FUTURE USE: (i) to state a new decision (at the moment of speaking)‏ e.g. A: I’m going to have lunch now. B: O.K. I’ll come with you (ii) To make predictions & express opinions. e.g.I think the government will make new cuts. I know….. I’m sure …… I hope there will not be any more cuts.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS USE: to talk about something happening around a certain time in the future e.g. In five years’ time I’ll be retiring This time next week I’ll be travelling to the USA FUTURE PERFECT USE: to talk about something completed by a certain time in the future. e.g. I will have worked in this department for 10 years by next June.

SIMPLE PAST vs PRESENT PERFECT DEFINED TIMEUNDEFINED TIME vs  Last …..  Ago  Yesterday  In …1990  On …Monday   When I was young  Just  Already  Ever  Never  Yet   Today  Since / For  How long?  When / What time….?  In …London

PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST The PRESENT PERFECT can express  an action at an indefinite time before now  an action at an indefinite time before now E.g. I’ve been to Europe and Asia, but I’ve never E.g. I’ve been to Europe and Asia, but I’ve never been to America been to America Peter has broken his leg. So now he cannot walk. If our attention moves to the time of an action then we must use THE SIMPLE PAST then we must use THE SIMPLE PASTE.g. I went to the United States in Peter broke his leg when he was in the mountains in April.

WHAT ARE MODAL VERBS? The modal verbs are used to express concepts of : NECESSITY POSSIBILITY OBLIGATION ABILITY ADVICE REQUESTS DEDUCTION

CAN & MUST NO INFINITIVE NO GERUND NO “S” IN 3RD PERSON PRESENT NO “DO/DOES” NO “TO” IN THE FOLLOWING VERB THE MISSING PARTS ARE PROVIDED BY OTHER VERBS: CAN = TO BE ABLE ; MAY MUST = TO HAVE TO

May/Might To know how / to be able to be ableCould May/ to be allowed

OBLIGATION MUST Personal obligation – the speaker has made the decision. He imposes the obligation on himself. e.g. I must telephone my dentist for an appointment. I’m gaining weight, I must go on a diet. I must check the time of the meeting. HAVE TO External obligation - Somebody else has made the decision. The obligation has come from outside the speaker. e.g. All children have to go to school. I have to do an exam next week.

MUST NOT Prohibition- the idea of obligation is maintained e.g. Ann is not well, she mustn’t work. You mustn’t smoke in a petrol station. It’s a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. You mustn’t enter this room when the patient is having an X-ray. DO NOT HAVE TO It is not necessary - the sense of obligation has been removed. e.g. Ann is rich, she doesn’t have to work. Entrance to the museum is free- you don’t have to pay. You don’t have to wear a uniform for this job.