Additional site characterization questions 2) which determinants make the food system vulnerable (to disruption)? 3) which determinants are most sensitive to GEC? Of which type – can we list most important GEC factors for this food system? [1) trends in determinants? Sources of data?]

What issues are not captured in this framework so far? Can we make comparisons among sites? –Commonalities –Differences Criteria for site selection –Represent food system –Represent GEC issues? –Outline for writing this up What about region as a whole?

Food Security index Begin w/ determinants of three components of food security –Re-categorize in terms of the five components used in the WPI (which we may modify for an FSI) Resource Access Use Capacity Environment –List data source

WPI component definitions ResourcesThe physical availability of both surface- and ground- water, taking into account variability and quality as well as the total amount of water. AccessAccess to water for human use, including distance to a safe source, time needed for collection per household and other significant factors. Access also includes water for irrigating crops or industrial uses. CapacityThe effectiveness of people’s ability to manage water. Capacity is interpreted in the sense of income to allow purchase of improved water, and education and health, which interact with income and indicate a capacity to lobby for and manage a water supply. UseThe different uses of water, including domestic, agricultural and industrial. EnvironmentAn evaluation of the environmental integrity related to water and of ecosystem goods and services from aquatic habitats in the area.

Food production index Resource = land, water, inputs Access = do people have access to quality and quantity of the resources? Use = different uses of land, water for domestic, agriculture, nature, industrial purposes Capacity = people’s effectiveness in using land, water, inputs efficiently and effectively. Environment = land and water left for ecosystem services (such as nutrient cycling, natural habitats). Give each component a weight (total of 100)

Food access/utilization index Resources: quality and quantity of food Access: people have access to quality and quantity when they want it Use:

Food system index Resource: availability of land, water, food Access: to quality and quantity of land, water, food, inputs Use: different uses of land, water, food and efficiency Capacity: people’s ability / effectiveness to use land, water, food. Environment: does the food system include benefits to ecosystem services and social/ cultural practices/ needs?

Weights chosen for five components IGP 2 (Punjab) IGP 4 (Bihar) IGP 1, 3, 5

How use the Food System Index Relative to one another But what about a uniform standard that each site should reach? –Access = equitable –Resource Availability = caloric intake sufficient; land?? Water?? –Use = achieving potential yield? Is water use efficient? Is consumption prioritized (over production) –Capacity = is the system diversified? Are there skills for appropriate NRM? –Environment = Are social and cultural customs still strong? Are land and water resources undamaged by food production?

Unanswered questions Coping strategies? (see GEC/ Vul diagram) Boundaries of food systems –E.g. Punjab exports food surplus, so GEC in Punjab affects FS elsewhere

To initiate protocol development for site characterisation and classification of their food systems. 1.What are the key FS determinants & WPI variables that we need to describe for all sites? 2.What are the key FS determinants & WPI variables that may be peculiar to specific sites? 3.What other information needs to be collected? 4.How is this info (1, 2 & 3) best be retrieved and used? 5.How can comparisons be made between sites so as to say something about the whole region?

Aggarwal, et al, Table 2 issues for vulnerability and impacts Western: How will GEC and increasing non-farm demands affect change in water supply and demand and consequent food system vulnerability? Eastern: How will GEC affect vulnerability of resource-poor farmers to flooding and drought, and how will this exacerbate existing socio-economic inequities?