Chapter 2 Review

Atomic Structure Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atomic Structure Atomic Number Mass Number Isotopes Energy levels

Chemical Bonds Molecules Compound Ionic bonds – Cations – Anions Covalent bonds – Polar covalent – Nonpolar covalent

Chemical Bonds cont. Hydrogen bonds States of Matter

Chemical Reactions Reactants Products Metabolism – All the chemical reactions in the body

Enzymes, Energy & Chemical Reactions Activation Energy Enzymes – Catalysts Exergonic reactions – Release energy Endergonic reactions – More energy required to begin the reaction than is released

Inorganic Compounds Nutrients – Essential elements & molecules Metabolites – Molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our body Electrolytes – Undergo ionization in water to form ions Hydrophilic hydrophobic

Water & Its Properties Solution – Solutes – Solvents – pH Acids Bases Neutrals

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Include starches & sugars Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides Monomer - glucose – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides Dehydration synthesis

Lipids Include: fats, oils, waxes Monomers – Fatty acids & glycerol Water insoluble Steroids – Structure of cell membranes – Sex hormones – Lipid digestion

Proteins cont. Monomers – Amino acids Polypeptide bonds Levels of structure – Primary (amino acid sequence) – Secondary (amino acid interactions) – Tertiary (complex folding) – Quaternary (protein complexes)

Proteins Structural proteins Contractile proteins Transport proteins Buffering proteins Enzymes Hormones Antibodies

Enzymatic Reactions Active sites Substrates Denature

Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – Sugar deoxyribose – Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine – Sugar Ribose

High Energy Compounds ATP – Adenosine triphosphate ADP – Adensonsine diphosphate